Sigmund Freud: The Collected Works of Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

The Interpretation of Dreams, Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Dream Psychology

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ISBN 978-80-7583-620-5

Introduction: Introduction Table of Contents

FREUD'S THEORIES OF THE UNCONSCIOUS by H. W. Chase

Works:

A GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOANALYSIS

THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE

WIT AND ITS RELATION TO THE UNCONSCIOUS

DREAM PSYCHOLOGY: PSYCHOANALYSIS FOR BEGINNERS

DELUSION AND DREAM IN JENSEN'S GRADIVA

GROUP PSYCHOLOGY AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE EGO

SELECTED PAPERS ON HYSTERIA AND OTHER PSYCHONEUROSES

LEONARDO DA VINCI

A YOUNG GIRL'S DIARY

THREE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF SEX

BEYOND THE PLEASURE PRINCIPLE

TOTEM AND TABOO

REFLECTIONS ON WAR AND DEATH

THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

THE HISTORY OF THE PSYCHOANALYTIC MOVEMENT

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

ONCE upon a time it was the fashion to demonstrate witchcraft by sticking pins into the unlucky suspect. If any spots were found that appeared insensitive to pain, the unfortunate was forthwith declared a witch, with dire consequences to herself. Now-a-days such anesthesias are recognized, not as signs of a compact with the devil, but as symptoms of that mysterious disease of personality, hysteria.

This reversal of the point of view is typical. We have come to look upon many phenomena that were formerly ascribed to supernatural agencies—crystal gazing, second sight, hallucinations, double personality, possessions, ghosts, even mediumship—not as manifestations of supernatural powers, but as due to an abnormal condition of mind in the subject. In less enlightened days the Miss Beauchamp of whom Prince tells us in his "Dissociation of a Personality," who was several personalities by turns and had, as a rule, as one personality no recollection of the acts she performed as another, might have been burned as a witch. To-day she is a problem for the psychologist.

As knowledge of the psychological nature of such abnormal phenomena has grown, the need has increasingly been felt for some comprehensive explanation of their character. Here, for example, we have a girl (in a case reported by Janet) who has nursed her mother through a painful illness from consumption, resulting in death. The poverty of the family would not allow her even proper nourishment for her suffering mother. Her grief and despair may be imagined. But after the funeral she has apparently forgotten the whole series of events; the entire "complex" has dropped from consciousness. She is bewildered by any mention of the circumstances. But, on occasion, she falls into a trance-like state, in which she rehearses the circumstances of the illness and death of her mother with the utmost fidelity. And then, suddenly, she is normal again, but again she has no recollection of the crisis through which she has just passed. Here is a series of events apparently split off from her conscious personality altogether, yet instinct with energy that at time brings it to the surface. Here is another hysterical patient who has forgotten all about the shock that the physician suspects must have occurred as the starting point of her dis-disease, and yet in hypnosis the whole thing comes out as vividly as ever. Consciously it could not be recalled, and yet it was existing and working; for it is a peculiarity of such split-off complexes that they may cause all sorts of conscious disturbances, though the patient him- self has forgotten all about the event which started the disturbances, or sees no connection between it and the disturbances which it has set up. Here, for instance, is a young German girl (the classic case of Anna 0. reported by Breuer and Freud), well educated, knowing some English, yet not using it as fluently as German. At a certain period in her life she suddenly becomes unable to speak or read her mother- tongue, and is obliged to use English altogether. Finally, in a hyp- noidal state, she remembers that, once while she was watching by the bedside of her father, she was frightened by a sudden hallucination. Terrified, she tried to pray, but all that came into her mind were the words of an old English nursery rhyme. The shock, and her manner of reaction to it, caused her to forget her German, and to retain only the English, which had come to her aid at this critical period. There was no connection in her mind between the shock and the disturbances which it had left behind, yet the association, though not a conscious one, had been set up somewhere, somehow.

But all this is abnormal. We do not have to go so far afield to see instances of the same mysterious workings. Who of us has not had the experience of giving up a knotty point in despair for the time, to come back to it and find that our ideas had somehow fallen into place, had apparently worked themselves over without our help. Or how often a name that we have tried unsuccessfully to recall pops into our mind in the midst of some other train of thought. In such cases we have not been dealing with conscious activities as we know them. What has been the process ? What has been going on ?

It is such considerations as these that have led to the building up of theories of unconscious action, which fill out the gaps in our con- scious life. By unconscious action we understand action which goes on without our being aware of it, and yet which seems intelligent, adapted to a purpose. In short, it is activity which it is hard to differentiate from conscious action, except in its lack of this very property of aware- ness. Most psychologists to-day admit that activities which are more or less like conscious activities go on under the threshold of conscious- ness; but the orthodox psychological explanation is that they are mere physiological activities, complex changes in the neurones, and that there is nothing mental about them. The brain itself is so complex, they say, that there is no need of supposing that we really think and feel unconsciously, all that occurs is a change in physiological arrange- ment. The mental and the conscious are co-extensive terms. On the other hand, those who have dealt most with the abnormal phenomena, and are less at home in the field of pure psychology, see in such con" Bcious activities something mental as well. The phenomena are so complex, they say, that if they occurred in an animal, for example, we would unhesitatingly call them mental. They are of course physiolog- ical, hut it is hard to explain their apparent intelligence without sup- posing that they are mental as well. The conflict is very like that now waging between the two schools of animal psychologists, those who would reduce everything in the life of the animal to a series of mechan- ical reflexes, and those who look for signs of conscious intelligence. Like this conflict, too, it is one which can never be decided by intro- spection, it is only as results accumulate that the balance will swing to one side or the other. In accordance with the law of economy that regulates scientific thinking, it would seem that such activities ought to be explained in physiological terms if it is possible to do so ; in this ease the question becomes: are they too complex to be so explained?