Kalypso Nicolaidis - A Citizen’s Guide to the Rule of Law

When the rule of law is absent, liberal democracy loses its “protective” 14aspect. We become dependent on the benevolence of others, in many cases of the undefined majority. Political rule becomes arbitrary.

If you are one of these people that likes to say what she thinks and take action to change things you deem unfair—as we pretty much hope you are—then you might find yourself in a tricky situation when the rule of law is absent. That is why we must act, to prevent any of us ever being put into such a situation!

1For a detailed analysis of the EU’s reaction to the Yugoslav conflicts, see Josip Glaurdic, The Hour of Europe: Western Powers and the Breakup of Yugoslavia (Yale University Press, 2011).

2See also Adis Merdzanovic, ‘A Sustainable European Integration Policy for the Western Balkans? Testing Five Common Assumptions’, in Western Balkans Back in Focus. How to Shape Europe’s Reengagement with a Region in Crisis , ed. Tobias Flessenkemper and Thomas Müller-Färber (Rehburg-Loccum: Loccumer Protokolle Vol. 28/2018, 2018), 9–26.

3Deutsche Welle, ‘Youth Are Deserting Balkan Countries’, Dw.Com , 23 December 2016, https://www.dw.com/en/youth-are-deserting-balkan-countries/a-36891266.

4See, for example, Florian Bieber (2020): The Rise of Authoritarianism in the Western Balkans. Cham: Palgrave MacMillan Pivot; or Jasmin Mujanovic (2018): Hunger and Fury. The Crisis of Democracy in the Balkans. London: Hurst & Company.

5This is the classical definition of legitimacy provided by H.L.A. Harts. See Herbert L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law: With a Postscript Edited by Penelope A. Bulloch and Joseph Raz , ed. Herbert L.A. Hart and Penelope A. Bulloch (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). For a discussion in the EU context see Vivien Schmidt, V. A. (2020). Europe’s crisis of legitimacy: Governing by rules and ruling by numbers in the eurozone. Oxford University Press. See also Teitel, R. G. (2001). Humanity’s law: rule of law for the new global politics. Cornell Int'l LJ, 35, 355.

6Rainer Grote, ‘rule of law, Rechtsstaat and Etat de Droit’, in Constitutionalism, Universalism and Democracy: A Comparative Analysis , ed. Christian Starck (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1999), 271; Friedrich August von Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).

7As exemplified for instance in Relocating the rule of law , whose various authors not only reinterpret the rule of law in the history of ideas, but as an ideal and a praxis in the here and now. See Gianluigi Palombella and Neil Walker, eds., Relocating the rule of law (Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009).

8Neil Walker, ‘The rule of law and the EU: Nexessity’s Mixed Virtue’, in Relocating the rule of law , ed. Gianluigi Palombella and Neil Walker (Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009), 120.

9Florian Bieber, ‘Patterns of Competitive Authoritarianism in the Western Balkans’, East European Politics 34, no. 3 (2018): 337–54.

10Maja Zivanovic, ‘Poor Progress for Human Rights in the Balkans, HRW Report’, Balkan Insight, 18 January 2018, http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/balkan-countries-still-facing-old-human-rights-issues-01-18-2018.

11John Stuart Mill, ‘On Liberty’, in On Liberty and Other Essays , Oxford World’s Classics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1869), 14.

12John Locke, Locke: Two Treatises of Government , ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

13Michael Freeden, Liberalism. A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 26.

14David Held, Models of Democracy , Third Edition (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), 78.

Chapter 3

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