Galaxies

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Early-type (elliptical) galaxy ESO325-G0004 surrounded by other gala...Figure 3.2. Early-type galaxies NGC3115 (left) and NGC4594 (right; the Sombrero ...Figure 3.3. Light profiles of 5 ETGs, illustrating the variety of central profil...Figure 3.4. Mass plane for ETGs (top) and spiral galaxies (bottom), showing the ...Figure 3.5. Age, abundance α/F e and metallicity (weighted by the light) as a fu...Figure 3.6. Age and metallicity gradients (weighted by the stellar mass) as a fu...Figure 3.7. Difference (log) between the dynamical mass and the stellar mass, as...Figure 3.8. Illustration of the V /σ-ϵ diagram, explaining the concept of anisot...Figure 3.9. Velocity (top) and velocity dispersion fields (bottom) for regular a...Figure 3.10. λ R − ϵdiagrams. Left: Version with 260 ETGs from the Atlas 3Dsampl...Figure 3.11. λ R − ϵdiagram for a sample of more than 4,000 galaxies (Graham et ...Figure 3.12. Kinematic classification of galaxies refining the terms developed b...Figure 3.13. Relations between the distribution function f, the gravitational po...Figure 3.14. Schwarzschild model of NGC 3115. From top to bottom: Velocity, disp...Figure 3.15. Compilation of mass measurements of supermassive black holes in nea...Figure 3.16. Illustration of the distribution of different types of galaxies as ...Figure 3.17. Passive galaxies (red points) and galaxies with star formation (blu...Figure 3.18. Evolution of galaxies in a simulation with a cosmological context. ...Figure 3.19. Fraction of ex situ mass in ETGs as a function of the stellar mass ...Figure 3.20. Two clusters with different richnesses (Virgo on the left, Coma on ...Figure 3.21. Evolution of measured quantities for a sample of ETGs in the plane ...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. (a) Secular evolution of galaxies: when gas falls into a dark matter...Figure 4.2. The stellar halos of the Milky Way and Andromeda reveal evidence of ...Figure 4.3. Distribution of galaxies by luminosity (log-log diagram): the red po...Figure 4.4. Color (u-r)-stellar mass diagram for all galaxies combined (top left...Figure 4.5. Histograms of the number of galaxies by morphological Hubble type (a...Figure 4.6. Fraction of red galaxies as a function of the stellar mass M, rangin...Figure 4.7. Surface density at galaxy centers as a function of the stellar mass ...Figure 4.8. Distribution of galaxies in the diagram of star formation rate (SFR)...Figure 4.9. Gas distribution in a simulation that follows the life of a galaxy f...Figure 4.10. Two examples of spiral galaxies: on the left, Messier 51, which has...Figure 4.11. A typical stellar orbit in the epicyclic approximation. At order ze...Figure 4.12. Left: Frequencies of the rotation curve of a typical galaxy, simila...Figure 4.13. Winding direction of the spiral arms relative to the direction of r...Figure 4.14. Wave dispersion relation, revisited by Dobbs and Baba (2014). The r...Figure 4.15. Illustration of the amplification of the swing. In this simulation,...Figure 4.16. Multicolor image obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope. The region...Figure 4.17. High-resolution simulation of the gas in a spiral galaxy, with the ...Figure 4.18. The fraction of coherent spiral or “grand design” structures as a f...Figure 4.19. (a) Simulations of a self-gravitating disc, containing stars (top p...Figure 4.20. Left: Shape of the equipotential lines in the frame that rotates wi...Figure 4.21. Periodic orbits characteristic of a barred galaxy in the rotating f...Figure 4.22. Due to collisions between gas clouds, the streamlines of the inters...Figure 4.23. Diagram showing the direction of the gravity torques exerted by the...Figure 4.24. Example of a peanut structure: the galaxy NGC 128, viewed edge-on. ...Figure 4.25. Families of orbits in the projection where the galaxy is viewed edg...Figure 4.26. Evolution of the pattern speed of the bar over 7 billion years for ...Figure 4.27. Fraction of galaxies for three different populations: spiral galaxi...Figure 4.28. Galaxies in the first half of the history of the Universe are domin...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Optical images of galaxies taken by the Hubble space telescope in va...Figure 5.2. Examples of galaxy pairs as seen in the distant universe. Each circl...Figure 5.3. Summary of properties of merging galaxies in their most likely envir...Figure 5.4. Plots showing the use of quantifying galaxy structures to find merge...Figure 5.5. The measured pair fraction of galaxies up to z ~ 6 taken from Duncan...Figure 5.6. The merger rate (number of mergers occurring per galaxy per unit tim...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Example of the spectral energy distribution of a galaxy, from UV to ...Figure 6.2. Diagrams that allow “blue” star-forming galaxies (active galaxies) t...Figure 6.3. Luminosity functions of galaxies in the local Universe obtained in t...Figure 6.4. Star formation history of a galaxy experiencing a starburstFigure 6.5. Left: The star-formation main sequence or SFR – M ⋆relation, also ca...Figure 6.6. Left: Evolution of the fraction of starbursts as a function of the r...Figure 6.7. Spatial distribution of galaxies at 0.005 ≤ z ≤ 0.1 in the SDSS (lef...Figure 6.8. Dependency of the star formation rate (SFR) on the galaxy density (Y...Figure 6.9. History of the star formation rate in the Universe as a function of ...Figure 6.10. Composite image of the Hubble Deep Field (HDF), constructed from im...Figure 6.11. Illustration of the method used to identify a Lyman break galaxy (L...Figure 6.12. Images of the same 5’x5’ region in the sky in the GOODS-North field...Figure 6.13. Predicted flux at different wavelengths for an ultraluminous infrar...Figure 6.14. Cosmic history of star formation (left) and mass growth (right) of ...Figure 6.15. Estimates of the stellar mass function of passive galaxies (red) an...Figure 6.16. Left: “stellar mass–metallicity” relation of galaxies, observed at ...Figure 6.17. Left: Evolution of the rate of major galaxy mergers (number of merg...Figure 6.18. Cosmic optical background (COB), infrared background (CIB) and micr...Figure 6.19. Comparison of the cosmic history of star formation (black line, see...Figure 6.20. Evolution of the interstellar gas fraction (M gaz/M *) as a function ...

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1. Comparison of classifications

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents

3 Title page

4 Copyright First published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2020 The rights of Françoise Combes to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020942773 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78945-012-5 ERC code: PE9 Universe Sciences PE9_8 Formation and evolution of galaxies PE9_9 Clusters of galaxies and large scale structures

5 Introduction

6 Begin Reading

7 List of Authors

8 Author Biographies

9 Index

10 End User License Agreement