Caner Ozdemir - Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging With MATLAB Algorithms

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Modes of SAR operation. (a) strip‐map SAR, (b) spotlight SAR, (c)... Figure 3.2 General block‐diagram of a SAR system. Figure 3.3 A real aperture single antenna that provides an azimuth resolutio... Figure 3.4 Basic SAR operation: Radar platform is moving to synthesize the e... Figure 3.5 SAR image is formed by applying range compression and azimuth com... Figure 3.6 The matched filter receiver. Figure 3.7 The matched filter realization via FFT processing. Figure 3.8 The matched filter example. (a) transmitted rectangular pulse, (b... Figure 3.9 Ideal ambiguity function represented by the radar ambiguity diagr... Figure 3.10 Normalized rectangular pulse ambiguity function (a) in the radar... Figure 3.11 Normalized LFM pulse ambiguity function (a) in the radar ambigui... Figure 3.12 Time‐frequency plot for an (a) upchirp signal, (b) downchirp sig... Figure 3.13 Output signal after the pulse compression process.Figure 3.14 The matched filter example: (a) transmitted chirp‐type signal, (...Figure 3.15 Geometry for synthetic aperture radar (SAR).Figure 3.16 (a) Actual radial distance (drawn as solid line) and estimated r...Figure 3.17 Spotlight SAR with a circular flight path.Figure 3.18 Flowchart of RDA.Figure 3.19 (a) A typical chirp signal waveform, (b) time‐frequency display ...Figure 3.20 Hanning windowed range‐compressed signal.Figure 3.21 SAR image generation example. (a) a scene with tank models, (b) ...Figure 3.22 SIR‐C/X‐SAR image of San Francisco, California.Figure 3.23 A simplified MOCOMP geometry for SAR.Figure 3.24 Geometry for InSAR.Figure 3.25 (SIR‐C/X‐SAR) Interferometric image of Mount Etna, Italy.htt...Figure 3.26 Polarimetric SAR image of Southeast Oahu, HI.(For the whole ...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) geometry.Figure 4.2 Spotlight SAR geometry with circular flight path is analogous to ...Figure 4.3 SAR‐to‐ISAR transition: (a) spotlight SAR with circular flight pa...Figure 4.4 Spotlight SAR with straight flight path.Figure 4.5 Range profile of a target.Figure 4.6 Range profile of a model airplane.Figure 4.7 Collecting radar returns at different look angles to form the cro...Figure 4.8 Cross‐range profile of a model airplane.Figure 4.9 (a) Collection of ISAR raw data in Fourier space for the monostat...Figure 4.10 Geometry for monostatic ISAR imaging (2D case).Figure 4.11 Geometry for imaging multibounce mechanisms in ISAR.Figure 4.12 (a) Single‐bounce mechanisms are correctly mapped in ISAR. (b) M...Figure 4.13 All double bounces from a 90° corner reflector have the same tra...Figure 4.14 ISAR image of a 1 m × 1 m corner reflector at 10 GHz. The images...Figure 4.15 ISAR image of a plane model from 45° from the nose on. Some mult...Figure 4.16 Flowchart for the basic ISAR imaging algorithm.Figure 4.17 (a) CAD view of a fighter plane, (b) ISAR simulation scenario fo...Figure 4.18 2D ISAR images of the fighter model for (a) VV‐polarization, and...Figure 4.19 (a) CAD view of a military tank model, and (b) ISAR simulation s...Figure 4.20 2D ISAR images of the military tank model for (a) VV‐polarizatio...Figure 4.21 The locations of point scatterers around a fictitious airplane....Figure 4.22 Small‐bandwidth small‐angle ISAR image of the hypothetical airpl...Figure 4.23 Aliased ISAR image after applying a 2D IFT to a wide‐bandwidth l...Figure 4.24 Wide‐bandwidth large‐angle ISAR image of the airplane‐like geome...Figure 4.25 Rectangular reformatting of polar ISAR data.Figure 4.26 The backscattered field data in frequency‐aspect domain.Figure 4.27 The backscattered field data on spatial frequency plane of k x– k yFigure 4.28 Wide‐bandwidth large‐angle ISAR image of the airplane‐like geome...Figure 4.29 Collection of raw ISAR data in Fourier space (3D monostatic case...Figure 4.30 Geometry for monostatic ISAR imaging (3D case).Figure 4.31 (a) CAD view of a bomber airplane, (b) 3D ISAR simulation scenar...Figure 4.32 2D ISAR( x , y ) slices for different z values of the 3D ISAR image...Figure 4.33 2D projections of the 3D ISAR image of the airplane model on (a)...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Digitizing process: (a) original continuous time signal, (b) obse...Figure 5.2 Demonstration of positive and negative frequencies in DFT: first ...Figure 5.3 (a) The image window is periodic in range and cross‐range axes, (...Figure 5.4 An example of aliased ISAR image.Figure 5.5 Interpolation can be employed in different ways to reformat the p...Figure 5.6 First‐order nearest‐neighbor interpolation (3D case): eight neare...Figure 5.7 Second‐order nearest‐neighbor interpolation (2D case): 16 nearest...Figure 5.8 Implementation of bilinear interpolation (2D case).Figure 5.9 Illustration of interpolation with zero padding: (a) a rectangula...Figure 5.10 Interpolation using zero padding: (a) original ISAR images, (b) ...Figure 5.11 The physical meaning of PSF: (a) point scatterers, (b) the PSF, ...Figure 5.12 (a) Rectangular window, (b) spectrum of rectangular window.Figure 5.13 (a) Triangular window, (b) spectrum of triangular window.Figure 5.14 (a) Hanning window, (b) spectrum of Hanning window.Figure 5.15 (a) Hamming window, (b) spectrum of Hamming window.Figure 5.16 (a) Kaiser window, (b) spectrum of Kaiser window.Figure 5.17 (a) Blackman window, (b) spectrum of Blackman window.Figure 5.18 (a) Chebyshev window, (b) spectrum of Chebyshev window.Figure 5.19 Effect of using smoothing windows: (a) original ISAR images, (b)...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 For the ISAR operation, the aspect diversity is constituted targe...Figure 6.2 Resulting 2D ISAR images for (a) pitching, (b) yawing (turning), ...Figure 6.3 The formation of the ISAR grid for a maneuvering platform.Figure 6.4 The chirp pulse train is utilized in range‐Doppler processing of ...Figure 6.5 Representation of stepped frequency transmitted signal of M burst...Figure 6.6 Target's rotational motion causes Doppler shift in the frequency ...Figure 6.7 Geometry for Doppler processing of a rotating target.Figure 6.8 ISAR receiver block diagram for chirp pulse illumination.Figure 6.9 ISAR receiver block diagram for stepped frequency radar illuminat...Figure 6.10 Block diagram for quadrature detection.Figure 6.11 Formation of the range‐Doppler ISAR image via digital processing...Figure 6.12 Selection of image frame size and resolutions in ISAR imaging.Figure 6.13 The scenario for range‐Doppler ISAR imaging.Figure 6.14 Fictitious fighter consists of perfect point scatterers of equal...Figure 6.15 Transmitted chirp pulse waveform.Figure 6.16 Matched filter response of the chirp pulse.Figure 6.17 Range compressed data with additive random noise are present.Figure 6.18 Range‐Doppler ISAR image of the target with additive random nois...Figure 6.19 Range cross‐range ISAR image of the target with additive random ...Figure 6.20 A geometry for ISAR imaging scenario.Figure 6.21 Target with perfect point scatterers.Figure 6.22 Range profiles of the target for different burst indexes.Figure 6.23 Range‐Doppler ISAR image of the target.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Point‐radiator model of the scattered field. (a) the real scenari...Figure 7.2 The biplane model in ISAR simulation. (a) front, side and top vie...Figure 7.3 Original ISAR image of the biplane target displayed with CAD mode...Figure 7.4 (a) Locations of extracted scattering centers in range – cross‐ra...Figure 7.5 Reconstructed ISAR image of the biplane target based on CLEAN alg...Figure 7.6 (a) Original backscattered electric‐ field for the ISAR example i...Figure 7.7 Reconstructed backscattered field patterns sampled 5 times more c...Figure 7.8 Comparison of the original pattern obtained by brute‐force comput...Figure 7.9 Comparison of the original pattern obtained by brute‐force comput...Figure 7.10 (a) Amplitudes of the extracted scattering centers based on Four...Figure 7.11 2D backscattered electric field data: (a) Original, (b) Reconstr...Figure 7.12 Reconstructed field pattern (5 times more sampled) gives more de...Figure 7.13 Comparison of the original pattern obtained by brute‐force compu...Figure 7.14 2D ISAR image: (a) Original, (b) Reconstructed after utilizing 2...