Sergey N. Makarov - Antenna and EM Modeling with MATLAB Antenna Toolbox

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 Preface and Text Organization

6 List of Notations

7 About the Companion Website

8 CHAPTER 1: Antenna Circuit Model. Antenna Matching. Antenna BandwidthSECTION 1 LUMPED CIRCUIT MODEL OF AN ANTENNA. ANTENNA INPUT IMPEDANCE 1.1 ANTENNA CIRCUIT MODEL. ANTENNA LOSS 1.2 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER TO (AND FROM) ANTENNA 1.3 ANTENNA EFFICIENCY 1.4 ANTENNA INPUT IMPEDANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATCHING 1.5 POINT OF INTEREST: INPUT IMPEDANCE OF A DIPOLE ANTENNA AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON DIPOLE LENGTH 1.6 BEYOND THE FIRST RESONANCE 1.7 NUMERICAL MODELING REFERENCES PROBLEMS SECTION 2 ANTENNA WITH TRANSMISSION LINE. ANTENNA REFLECTION COEFFICIENT. ANTENNA MATCHING. VSWR 1.8 ANTENNA REFLECTION COEFFICIENT FOR A LUMPED CIRCUIT 1.9 ANTENNA REFLECTION COEFFICIENT WITH A FEEDING TRANSMISSION LINE 1.10 ANTENNA IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMATION. ANTENNA MATCH VIA TRANSMISSION LINE 1.11 REFLECTION COEFFICIENT EXPRESSED IN DECIBELS AND ANTENNA BANDWIDTH 1.12 VSWR OF THE ANTENNA REFERENCES PROBLEMS

9 CHAPTER 2: Receiving Antenna SECTION 1 ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR THE RECEIVING ANTENNA 2.1 MODEL OF THE RECEIVING ANTENNA AND ITS DISCUSSION 2.2 FINDING CURRENT OF A RECEIVE DIPOLE 2.3 FINDING V OCOF A RECEIVE DIPOLE. INDUCED EMF METHOD. SMALL ANTENNAS RECEIVE MUCH LESS POWER 2.4 EXPRESSING V OCOF A RECEIVE DIPOLE IN TERMS OF TRANSMITTER PARAMETERS 2.5 VOLTAGE AND POWER TRANSFER FUNCTIONS REFERENCES PROBLEMS SECTION 2 MODEL OF A TWO‐PORT NETWORK FOR TX/RX ANTENNAS 2.6 IMPEDANCE MATRIX (MUTUAL IMPEDANCE) APPROACH TO THE ANTENNA‐TO‐ANTENNA LINK 2.7 TRANSFER FUNCTION IN TERMS OF VOLTAGE ACROSS THE TX ANTENNA 2.8 SCATTERING MATRIX APPROACH (TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT) 2.9 POWER TRANSFER FUNCTION 2.10 MUTUAL IMPEDANCE OF TWO DIPOLES 2.11 TWO‐PORT NETWORK ANTENNA MODEL IN MATLAB ANTENNA TOOLBOX REFERENCES PROBLEMS

10 CHAPTER 3: Antenna RadiationECTION 1 MAXWELL EQUATIONS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 3.1 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS 3.2 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 3.3 ABOUT ELECTROSTATIC, MAGNETOSTATIC, AND DIRECT CURRENT APPROXIMATIONS 3.4 ANALYTICAL SOLUTION TO MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN TIME DOMAIN. PLANE WAVES REFERENCES PROBLEMS SECTION 2 SOLUTION FOR MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC POTENTIALS 3.5 MAGNETIC VECTOR POTENTIAL AND ELECTRIC SCALAR POTENTIAL 3.6 COMPARISON WITH THE STATIC CASE. COULOMB GAUGE 3.7 EQUATIONS FOR POTENTIALS. LORENTZ GAUGE 3.8 WAVE EQUATIONS IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN 3.9 SOLUTION FOR MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN REFERENCES PROBLEMS SECTION 3 ANTENNA RADIATION 3.10 RADIATION OF A SMALL UNIFORM CURRENT ELEMENT ( l A<< λ ) [1] 3.11 NEAR‐ AND FAR‐FIELD REGIONS FOR A SMALL ANTENNA 3.12 RADIATION OF A DIPOLE WITH THE SINUSOIDAL CURRENT DISTRIBUTION REFERENCES PROBLEMS SECTION 4 ANTENNA DIRECTIVITY AND GAIN 3.13 ANTENNA DIRECTIVITY 3.14 ANTENNA GAIN AND REALIZED GAIN 3.15 ANTENNA EFFECTIVE APERTURE – RECEIVING ANTENNA AS A POWER COLLECTOR 3.16 FRIIS TRANSMISSION EQUATION [1] REFERENCES PROBLEMS

11 CHAPTER 4: Antenna Balun. Antenna Reflector. Method of ImagesSECTION 1 ANTENNA BALUN 4.1 DIPOLE FEED IN NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS 4.2 ANTENNA BALUN 4.3 SPLIT‐COAXIAL BALUN 4.4 DYSON BALUN 4.5 CENTRAL TAP TRANSFORMER AS THE DYSON BALUN 4.6 ANTENNA IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMATION 4.7 A QUICK SOLUTION 4.8 END‐OF‐SECTION STORY REFERENCES PROBLEMS SECTION 2 ANTENNA REFLECTOR 4.9 GROUND PLANE FOR AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE. THE λ /4‐RULE 4.10 METHOD OF IMAGES 4.11 EFFECT OF GROUND PLANE ON ANTENNA IMPEDANCE 4.12 EFFECT OF GROUND PLANE ON THE RADIATION PATTERN 4.13 EXTENSIONS OF THE IMAGE METHOD: CORNER REFLECTOR 4.14 FINITE GROUND PLANE – GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 4.15 FRONT‐TO‐BACK RATIO NOTES TO PROBLEMS OF THIS SECTION GIVEN BELOW REFERENCES PROBLEMS

12 CHAPTER 5: Dipole Antenna Family: Broadband Antennas that Operate as Dipoles at Low FrequenciesSECTION 1 BROADBAND DIPOLES AND MONOPOLES 5.1 DIPOLE. SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS RESULTS 5.2 MONOPOLE 5.3 BROADBAND (LARGE) DIPOLES 5.4 CANONIC DIPOLES AND THEIR PERFORMANCE REFERENCE PROBLEMS SECTION 2 BICONICAL, WIDE BLADE, AND VIVALDI ANTENNAS 5.5 BICONICAL “DIPOLE” OR BICONICAL ANTENNA [2] 5.6 WIDE BLADE DIPOLE: TWO ANTENNAS IN ONE 5.7 BLADE DIPOLE WITH ONE RADIATING SLOT – VIVALDI ANTENNA REFERENCES PROBLEM

13 CHAPTER 6: Loop AntennasSECTION 1 LOOP ANTENNA VS. DIPOLE ANTENNA 6.1 CONCEPT 6.2 ANALYTICAL RESULTS 6.3 FULL‐WAVE SIMULATION RESULTS 6.4 WHY LOOP ANTENNA? REFERENCES PROBLEMS

14 CHAPTER 7: Small AntennasSECTION 1 FUNDAMENTAL LIMITS ON ANTENNA BANDWIDTH 7.1 ANTENNA SIZE ESTIMATE 7.2 BANDWIDTH OF A SMALL ANTENNA 7.3 FUNDAMENTAL LIMITS ON THE BANDWIDTH OF A SMALL ANTENNA [1–6] 7.4 ONE HIDDEN PROBLEM WITH A SMALL ANTENNA REFERENCES PROBLEMS SECTION 2 PRACTICAL ANTENNA MATCHING AND TUNING FOR A PREDEFINED (50 Ω) IMPEDANCE 7.5 DOUBLE TUNING – INDUCTIVE (SMALL LOOP) ANTENNA 7.6 DOUBLE TUNING – CAPACITIVE (SMALL DIPOLE OR MONOPOLE) ANTENNA REFERENCES PROBLEMS

15 CHAPTER 8: Patch and PIFA AntennasSECTION 1 PATCH ANTENNAS 8.1 CONCEPT 8.2 FIELDS 8.3 CAD FORMULAS FOR PATCH ANTENNA 8.4 CAD FORMULAS FOR THE PATCH ANTENNA EFFICIENCY 8.5 PATCH ANTENNA EXAMPLE: CROSS‐POLARIZATION AND NEAR FIELDS RADIATION PATTERN – CO‐POLAR AND CROSS‐POLAR COMPONENTS. POLARIZATION ISOLATION 8.6 PATCH ANTENNA FAMILY REFERENCES PROBLEMS SECTION 2 PLANAR INVERTED F (PIFA) ANTENNA. BANDWIDTH ESTIMATIONS 8.7 CONCEPT 8.8 PIFA TYPES. BEHAVIOR OF INPUT IMPEDANCE 8.9 PIFA MODELING 8.10 BANDWIDTH RESULTS 8.11 COMPARISON WITH OTHER DATA 8.12 SUMMARY REFERENCES PROBLEMS

16 CHAPTER 9: Traveling Wave AntennasSECTION 1 LONG WIRE ANTENNA AND YAGI‐UDA ANTENNA 9.1 CONCEPT 9.2 FEATURES AND MODELING 9.3 MODELING WITH ANTENNA TOOLBOX 9.4 YAGI‐UDA ANTENNA 9.5 TRAVELING WAVE FORMATION ALONG YAGI‐UDA ANTENNA REFERENCES PROBLEMS SECTION 2 HELICAL AND SPIRAL ANTENNAS 9.6 HELICAL ANTENNA: NORMAL MODE OF OPERATION 9.7 HELICAL ANTENNA: AXIAL MODE OF OPERATION 9.8 MODELING WITH ANTENNA TOOLBOX 9.9 SPIRAL ANTENNA: ARCHIMEDEAN SPIRAL 9.10 MODELING WITH ANTENNA TOOLBOX 9.11 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 9.12 EQUIANGULAR SPIRAL ANTENNA REFERENCES PROBLEMS

17 CHAPTER 10: Antenna Designer Including Circularly Polarized AntennasSECTION 1 FAST ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INDIVIDUAL ANTENNAS 10.1 ANTENNA DESIGNER 10.2 USING PRE‐OPTIMIZED ANTENNA GEOMETRY 10.3 PERFORMING GEOMETRY OPTIMIZATION ON THE FLY 10.4 DESIGN EXAMPLE 10.5 ANTENNA PRESELECTION FOR A GIVEN TASK REFERENCE PROBLEMS SECTION 2 MEANING OF CIRCULAR POLARIZATION AND PROPER ANTENNA ORIENTATION 10.6 ANTENNA PHASE SHIFT OR DELAY 10.7 CIRCULARLY POLARIZED RX/TX ANTENNAS AND THEIR REQUIRED ORIENTATIONS IN SPACE 10.8 SEPARATION OF RADIATED FIELD INTO TWO CIRCULAR POLARIZATION COMPONENTS [1–3] 10.9 QUANTITATIVE MEASURES OF CIRCULAR POLARIZATION 10.10 CIRCULARLY POLARIZED TURNSTILE ANTENNA 10.11 CIRCULARLY POLARIZED PATCH ANTENNA REFERENCES PROBLEMS

18 CHAPTER 11: Antenna ArraysSECTION 1 ARRAY TYPES. ARRAY FACTOR. CONCEPT OF A SCANNING ARRAY 11.1 ARRAY TYPES 11.2 BASIC ARRAY OF TWO DIPOLES 11.3 ARRAY FACTOR FOR IDENTICAL RADIATORS 11.4 ARRAY RADIATED POWER AND ARRAY DIRECTIVITY 11.5 DIRECTIVITY OF THE ARRAY AND DIRECTIVITY OF THE ARRAY FACTOR 11.6 CONCEPT OF A SCANNING ARRAY REFERENCES PROBLEMS SECTION 2 LINEAR ARRAYS 11.7 BROADSIDE LINEAR ARRAY 11.8 ARRAY AMPLITUDE TAPER 11.9 BINOMIAL BROADSIDE ARRAY 11.10 DOLPH‐CHEBYSHEV BROADSIDE ARRAY 11.11 ENDFIRE LINEAR ARRAY 11.12 HANSEN‐WOODYARD ENDFIRE ARRAY 11.13 LINEAR ARRAY FOR ARBITRARY SCAN ANGLES 11.14 SUPERDIRECTIVITY REFERENCES PROBLEMS SECTION 3 PLANAR ARRAYS 11.15 THEORETICAL GAIN PATTERN OF A FINITE 2D ARRAY 11.16 DESIGN OF SMALL 2D ARRAYS: IMPEDANCE BANDWIDTH IMPROVEMENT AND DIRECTIVITY 11.17 CORPORATE SERIES FEED – WILKINSON POWER DIVIDERS 11.18 CORPORATE (PARALLEL) FEED REFERENCES PROBLEMS

19 Index