Multifunctional Antennas and Arrays for Wireless Communication Systems

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 (a) Geometry of the proposed reconfigurable composite right/left‐...Figure 9.2 Measured and simulated S 11of the reconfigurable composite right/...Figure 9.3 A microstrip patch antenna partially filled with a CRLH‐TL struct...Figure 9.4 Topology of the microstrip patch antenna partially filled with a ...Figure 9.5 Fabricated prototype of the microstrip patch antenna partially fi...Figure 9.6 Reflection coefficient plots of the microstrip patch antenna part...Figure 9.7 Normalized radiation patterns of the microstrip patch antenna par...Figure 9.8 Topology of the polarization reconfigurable antenna using the pol...Figure 9.9 Photographs of the fabricated polarization‐reconfigurable PRAMC s...Figure 9.10 Measured reflection coefficients of the polarization‐reconfigura...Figure 9.11 Measured ARs and gains of the proposed reconfigurable antenna fo...Figure 9.12 Geometry of the OAM reconfigurable metasurface array antenna: (a...Figure 9.13 Simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the OAM reconf...Figure 9.14 Simulated and measured gains of the OAM reconfigurable metasurfa...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Eight‐element array for 5G MIMO operation in a smartphone, inclu...Figure 10.2 E‐field and surface current distribution of the L‐shaped monopol...Figure 10.3 Surface current distribution in C‐shaped coupled‐fed antenna....Figure 10.4 Simulated S‐parameters of the dual polarized eight‐element MIMO ...Figure 10.5 Efficiencies of the antennas: (a) C‐shaped coupled‐fed antennas ...Figure 10.6 ECC of C‐shaped coupled‐fed antennas (Ant 5–Ant 8) and L‐shaped ...Figure 10.7 Fabricated 10‐port MIMO antenna for LTE bands 42/43/46 in a sub‐...Figure 10.8 Sub‐6 GHz antenna element.Figure 10.9 (a) 3500 MHz and (b) 5500 MHz. Surface current distribution and ...Figure 10.10 Measured S‐parameters. (a) Reflection coefficients and (b) tran...Figure 10.11 (a) Measured total efficiency and (b) calculated ECC of the ant...Figure 10.12 Geometry of the MIMO system: (a) detailed dimensions of antenna...Figure 10.13 Simulated surface current distribution of the antenna element a...Figure 10.14 Measured S‐parameters of the antenna: (a) reflection coefficien...Figure 10.15 (a) Measured total efficiency and (b) measured ECCs of the prot...Figure 10.16 10‐element‐based antenna for 4G/5G application.Figure 10.17 Detailed view of the 4G and 5G antenna elements (Unit in mm)....Figure 10.18 Measured S‐parameters of antenna in Figure 10.17: (a) reflectio...Figure 10.19 (a) Measured efficiencies and gain, and (b) calculated ECC of t...Figure 10.20 (a) 12‐port antenna for LTE 42/43/46 application, (b) inverted ...Figure 10.21 Measured S‐parameters. (a) Reflection coefficients and isolatio...Figure 10.22 Total efficiencies of the antennas operating for (a) LTE bands ...Figure 10.23 (a) Antenna model and (b) design of one of the beam steering ar...Figure 10.24 Front‐end module of the eight‐element beam steering array.Figure 10.25 (a) Measured S‐parameters and (b) beam steering performances of...Figure 10.26 Proposed antenna design and array configuration: (a) perspectiv...Figure 10.27 Schematics of the beam‐steerable array: (a) 3‐D perspective vie...Figure 10.28 Schematic of codesigned LTE and mm ‐wave antennas.Figure 10.29 Simulated and measured S‐parameters of the LTE LB and HB antenn...Figure 10.30 Simulated and measured total efficiencies of the LTE LB and HB ...Figure 10.31 (a) Structure of the mobile Vivaldi antenna and (b) Vivaldi str...Figure 10.32 Matching performances of the antenna array for three setups wit...Figure 10.33 Simulated and realized gain of the antenna array with three set...Figure 10.34 (a) Top layer with the two 4G MIMO antennas and (b) ground plan...Figure 10.35 Simulated and measured S‐parameters: (a) reflection coefficient...Figure 10.36 Antenna model consisting of lower cellular band antennas, sub‐6...Figure 10.37 Antenna performances L 1and L 2: (a) simulated and measured S pa...Figure 10.38 Antenna performances L 1and L 2: (a) simulated and measured S pa...Figure 10.39 Measured S‐parameters of the CP phased array: (a) reflection co...Figure 10.40 (a) Normalized 2D pattern and (b) beam steering performance of ...Figure 10.41 The proposed MIMO antenna array under (a) left‐hand data mode (...Figure 10.42 Simulated model for three different interactions of user hand w...Figure 10.43 Total efficiency of three antennas at left‐hand data mode (LHDM...Figure 10.44 SAR distribution of the antenna at 0° and 40° scan angles.Figure 10.45 SAR distribution of the antenna at 0° and 40° scan angles for (...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Taken from figure 4 in [1].Figure 11.2 Single parasitic element pattern from figure 5 in [1].Figure 11.3 9‐Parasitic element pattern from figure 6 in [1].Figure 11.4 Electronically modulated TACAN antenna from figure 3 in [2].Figure 11.5 Modulator circuit from figure 6 in [2].Figure 11.6 Coarse bearing acquisition, figures 8–20 from [4].Figure 11.7 SBX‐1 in Hawaii from [5].Figure 11.8 SBX‐1 phased array from [5].Figure 11.9 Topside antenna growth on U.S. Navy ships from [6].Figure 11.10 AMRFC concept from [6].Figure 11.11 Transmit array from [6].Figure 11.12 Receive array from [6].Figure 11.13 Receive beamformer from [6].Figure 11.14 AMRFC test bed at Chesapeake Bay Detachment Facility NRLFigure 11.15 Receive and transmit array configurations to support RF functio...Figure 11.16 Normal scenario configuration of AMRFC [6].Figure 11.17 Example of wavelength scaled array with three different flared ...Figure 11.18 Three different sized flared notch radiators used in figure 12....Figure 11.19 Simulations taking into account transitions between element typ...Figure 11.20 Wavelength scaled array configuration for examining end effects...Figure 11.21 Element scanning results for the array configuration in Figure ...Figure 11.22 Designed prototype from [7].Figure 11.23 T/R module using SiGe and GaAs from [7].Figure 11.24 Phasor concept.Figure 11.25 Vector modulator phase shifter from [9].Figure 11.26 8‐Element X/Ku‐Band phased array chipset from [10].Figure 11.27 8‐Element X/Ku‐Band phased array micrograph.Figure 11.28 Vector modulator phase shifter performance from [10].Figure 11.29 Simulated radiation patterns from S‐parameter results from [10]...Figure 11.30 Four‐channel T/R phased array chipset on Si from [11].Figure 11.31 Micrograph of four‐channel T/R phased array chipset on Si from ...Figure 11.32 EW/IO/Comms aperture for InTop.Figure 11.33 DARPA ACT module from [12]. (a) shows a common sub‐array module...Figure 11.34 ACT digital beamforming [13].Figure 11.35 ACT digital beamforming NRE versus analog beamforming NRE [13]....Figure 11.36 Walden curve from [13].Figure 11.37 ACT common module developed by Rockwell Collins from [13].Figure 11.38 DARPA MIDAS concept from [14].Figure 11.39 M/A‐COM 1–8 GHz true time delay chipset from [15].Figure 11.40 Measured response of the M/A‐COM 1–8 GHz true time delay chipse...Figure 11.41 TTD array from [15].Figure 11.42 Measured array patterns from [15].

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 4‐Bit RF MEMS‐based phase shifter from [1].Figure 12.2 Measured and simulated phase response for all phase state from [...Figure 12.3 Fabricated 3‐bit RF MEMS phase shifter from [2].Figure 12.4 Measured phase response from [2].Figure 12.5 Kymeta holographic antenna from [3].Figure 12.6 LO‐based phase shift approach from [4].Figure 12.7 LO‐based phase shift approach from [4] showing the LO generation...Figure 12.8 Die micrograph of an eight‐element LO‐based phase shifting phase...Figure 12.9 IF‐based phase shift approach from [5].Figure 12.10 Micrograph of RFIC from [5] using IF based phase shifters.Figure 12.11 RF‐based phase shifting from [7].Figure 12.12 6‐Bit phase shifter MMIC in GaAs from [8].Figure 12.13 Silicon phase shifter utilizing vector modulator approach from ...Figure 12.14 Unit circle phasor description.Figure 12.15 Vector modulator phase shifter in K‐band from [6].Figure 12.16 Vector modulator 4‐bit phase shifter measured phase response in...Figure 12.17 8‐Channel K‐band phased array chipset in silicon germanium from...Figure 12.18 Micrograph of RFIC from [7] showing a 8‐channel K‐Band Phased A...Figure 12.19 Developed prototype Ku‐band phased array utilizing commercial s...Figure 12.20 Measured azimuth scanning beam patterns at 13 GHz on vertical p...Figure 12.21 Measured elevation scanning beam patterns at 13 GHz on vertical...Figure 12.22 Measured de‐embedded gain of the antenna array.Figure 12.23 Measured beam pattern with Taylor weighting for 25 dB sidelobe ...Figure 12.24 Ku‐band ROHACELL phased array under test.Figure 12.25 Phased array board stackup [11].Figure 12.26 Simulated broadside gain comparison between all PCB and ROHACEL...Figure 12.27 Cross‐section of PCB with ROHACELL.Figure 12.28 Measured azimuth scanning beam pattern at 15 GHz on vertical po...Figure 12.29 Measured elevation scanning beam pattern at 15 GHz on horizonta...Figure 12.30 Measured broadside gain comparison [11].Figure 12.31 Post simulation comparison on single antenna element [11].Figure 12.32 Photograph of the fabricated prototype array.Figure 12.33 (a) Simulated LHCP beam scan patterns for azimuth plane at 12.5...Figure 12.34 Measured co‐ and cross‐polarization gain across frequency for L...Figure 12.35 (a) LHCP AR azimuth scan and (b) LHCP AR elevation scan.Figure 12.36 Developed 64‐element T/R phased array at 28 GHz.Figure 12.37 Phased array under test in anechoic chamber.Figure 12.38 Simulation and measurement of azimuth scan at 45°‐Pol, 28 GHz....Figure 12.39 Measured and simulated peak gain.Figure 12.40 Measured (a) Taylor and (b) Bayliss weighted pattern.Figure 12.41 Geometry and coordinate system of the parabolic‐cylindrical ref...Figure 12.42 PO‐computed current density using MATLAB for the offset parabol...Figure 12.43 PO‐computed broadside 2D normalized radiation pattern of the of...Figure 12.44 Photograph of fabricated dual linear‐polarized phased array ant...Figure 12.45 Photograph of the fabricated parabolic‐cylindrical reflector us...Figure 12.46 Measured normalized co‐polarization beam steering radiation pat...Figure 12.47 The simulated peak directivity of the proposed parabolic‐cylind...