Multifunctional Antennas and Arrays for Wireless Communication Systems

.. Figure 2.3 Surface current distribution for (a) Case 1 at 2.3 GHz; (b) Case ... Figure 2.4 Comparison of measured and simulated VSWR for the frequency‐recon... Figure 2.5 (Left column): Comparison of simulated and measured co‐pol and cr... Figure 2.6 (Right column): Comparison of simulated and measured co‐pol and c... Figure 2.7 (a) Geometry of the frequency reconfigurable loop antenna with a ... Figure 2.8 Measured reflection coefficients of the frequency reconfigurable ... Figure 2.9 The antenna geometry for frequency and polarization reconfigurabi... Figure 2.10 Simulated and measured S 11versus frequency of the printed monop... Figure 2.11 Measured and simulated radiation patterns in the linear polariza... Figure 2.12 Varactor‐tuned microstrip patch antenna: (a) antenna geometry wi... Figure 2.13 Vector current distributions on the proposed antenna at (a) 1.42... Figure 2.14 The geometry of the concentric circular microstrip patch antenna... Figure 2.15 (a) Fabricated antenna with feed ports, varactor diodes, and bia... Figure 2.16 Measured S‐parameters (S 11and S 22) controlled through feed netw... Figure 2.17 Simulation results for the effect of varactor resistance (R) on ... Figure 2.18 (a) Model of a MEMS bridge over a slot and its scattering parame... Figure 2.19 Photograph of the fabricated MEMS bridge over a slot for frequen... Figure 2.20 Test setup. (a) FSS unit cell under test, (b) FSS unit cell on t... Figure 2.21 (a) Geometry of the multiband optically controlled reconfigurabl... Figure 2.22 Optically controlled reconfigurable slotted waveguide array refl... Figure 2.23 MEMS‐controlled microstrip patch antenna and its frequency respo... Figure 2.24 Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) with aluminum showing the d... Figure 2.25 Prototype of LCE frequency‐reconfigurable antenna at different t... Figure 2.26 S 11vs. frequency of the LCE frequency‐reconfigurable antenna ob... Figure 2.27 Topology of the patch antenna using a graphene‐stack‐defined bac... Figure 2.28 Reflection coefficient magnitudes of the patch antenna backed by... Figure 2.29 Liquid‐metal pixelated dipole prototype. Figure 2.30 (a) Layout of the bottom side of the dipole pixel with an actuat... Figure 2.31 CAD illustration of the mechanically reconfigurable dual‐band an... Figure 2.32 Photograph of the mechanically reconfigurable dual‐band slot ant... Figure 2.33 Measured (dashed) and simulated (solid) reflection coefficient (... Figure 2.34 Prototype of the Nojima square CSA at (a) unfolded state and (b)... Figure 2.35 (a) Simulated and measured S 11of the Nojima square CSA at the u... Figure 2.36 (Top) Configuration of the frequency reconfigurable wideband fra... Figure 2.37 S 11of the fractal‐shaped slot‐ring antenna in the S‐band operat... Figure 2.38 Photos of the fabricated reconfigurable dual‐polarized wideband ... Figure 2.39 Simulated and measured (a) S 11and (b) S 44of the reconfigurable...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Different layers of meta‐surface reconfigurable slot antenna [1]:...Figure 3.2 Cavity‐backed slot antenna controlled by PIN diodes.Figure 3.3 (a) Unit cells used on each wall and the PIN diode equivalent cir...Figure 3.4 (a) The hexagonal reconfigurable antenna structure and (b) photog...Figure 3.5 Equivalent circuit model of the lumped components and PIN diode....Figure 3.6 Switch configuration for four different modes of operation, “0” m...Figure 3.7 Realized gain patterns at 5 GHz: (a) omnidirectional patterns at ...Figure 3.8 (a) Reconfigurable Yagi antenna, (b) reconfigurable balun, (c) fa...Figure 3.9 Simulated and measured E‐plane normalized radiation patterns at 5...Figure 3.10 MEMS‐based parasitic antenna: (a) photograph of the antenna with...Figure 3.11 Simulated (solid) and measured (dashed) radiation patterns at 5....Figure 3.12 (a) Planar monopole antenna with directors, (b) planar loop with...Figure 3.13 Simulated and measured gain patterns of the antennas (this page:...Figure 3.14 (a) Geometry of the reconfigurable planar Yagi‐Uda antenna, incl...Figure 3.15 Modes of operation of the proposed Yagi‐Uda planar antenna when ...Figure 3.16 Simulated normalized radiation patterns at 1.45, 1.50, and 1.56 ...Figure 3.17 Measured normalized radiation patterns at 1.45, 1.50, and 1.56 G...Figure 3.18 The proposed reconfigurable antenna with two photo‐conductive sw...Figure 3.19 Measured and simulated E‐plane radiation patterns for the photo‐...Figure 3.20 Measured and simulated E‐plane radiation patterns the photo‐acti...Figure 3.21 (a) Geometry of two dipole antenna and (b) sectorial design of t...Figure 3.22 The radiation pattern of three‐sector antenna in sectorial mode ...Figure 3.23 The radiation pattern of the antenna in omnidirectional mode at ...Figure 3.24 Configuration of array antenna: (a) top view and (b) side view....Figure 3.25 Fabricated antenna: (a) patch and (b) feed network.Figure 3.26 Decomposition of the CPs and recombination of LPs: (a) LHCP and ...Figure 3.27 Radiation patterns: (a) LHCP and (b) RHCP.Figure 3.28 (a) Side view of reconfigurable dielectric resonator antenna and...Figure 3.29 Far‐field radiation patterns in H‐plane at 9.53 GHz (dotted line...Figure 3.30 Simulated H‐plane due to different phases applied.Figure 3.31 (a) Accordion shape antenna, the height is changed by folding th...Figure 3.32 (a) Creased paper and (b) folding the creased paper.Figure 3.33 Magic cube antenna: (a) folded state, (b) unfolded state, (c) fa...Figure 3.34 Push–pull origami antenna: (a) folded state, single antenna; (b)...Figure 3.35 Simulated and measured normalized radiation pattern for (a) sing...Figure 3.36 (a) Flat configuration of the cube, shown where the hinges are p...Figure 3.37 Measured and simulated realized gain of ink‐jet printed single‐p...Figure 3.38 Inkjet‐printed patch antenna on unfolded 3D‐printed cube and (b)...Figure 3.39 (a) Origami cube antenna in the unfolded and folded states and (...Figure 3.40 (a) Measured and simulated reflection coefficients and (b) measu...Figure 3.41 (a) Geometry of dipole array considered for optimization and (b)...Figure 3.42 A sample chromosome for binary GA to optimize switch configurati...Figure 3.43 Example of two beams generated for a 30‐element array of dipole....Figure 3.44 RECAP configuration with metallic patches and switches.Figure 3.45 RECAP antenna in a monopole arrangement: (a) a broadband bidirec...Figure 3.46 Simulated and measured radiation patterns of (a) broadband bidir...Figure 3.47 RECAP switch arrangements of (a) narrow‐band broadside design, (...Figure 3.48 RECAP radiation patterns for (a) narrow‐band broadside design, (...Figure 3.49 Schematic drawing showing the arrangement of photodetector, patc...Figure 3.50 Circuit diagram for the FET‐based electronic switch: PD, photode...Figure 3.51 Antenna structure: (a) top view, (b) bottom view, and (c) side v...Figure 3.52 (a) Fabricated antenna, (b) skin‐mimicking model, and (c) fabric...Figure 3.53 3D simulated radiation patterns at states: (a) S1, (b) S0, (c) S...Figure 3.54 Antenna geometry. Dimensions in mm are: a = 12.8, b = 18.5, c = ...Figure 3.55 (a)–(c) Fabricated antennas and (d) testing on a hand phantom of...Figure 3.56 (a) Simulated and (b) measured radiation patterns for the two ca...Figure 3.57 Wearable textile reconfigurable antenna. Dimensions are in mm, v...Figure 3.58 Prototypes of (a) antenna with connected vias (patch mode) and (...Figure 3.59 Measured and simulated radiation patterns: (a) monopole mode in ...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 A single‐pole double‐throw (SPDT) RF switch is conceptually simpl...Figure 4.2 The geometry and circuit symbol of a PIN diode.Figure 4.3 Schematic circuit model of a PIN diode in forward and reverse bia...Figure 4.4 A typical bias circuitry used with PIN diodes.Figure 4.5 Geometry of a patch antenna with RHCP/LHCP polarization reconfigu...Figure 4.6 Geometry of the corner‐truncated square microstrip patch antenna ...Figure 4.7 Reflection coefficient magnitudes for different states of diodes....Figure 4.8 Switching states of the reconfigurable E‐shaped patch antenna: (a...Figure 4.9 Geometry of a single‐feed reconfigurable E‐shaped patch antenna w...Figure 4.10 A photo of a fabricated polarization reconfigurable E‐shaped pat...Figure 4.11 Geometry of the reconfigurable quadri‐polarization diversity mic...Figure 4.12 Radiation patterns measured at 2450 MHz for the example antenna ...Figure 4.13 Radiation patterns measured at 2450 MHz for the example antenna ...Figure 4.14 Measured gain variations against frequency for the example anten...Figure 4.15 Geometry of the proposed design in [12] with conical pattern and...Figure 4.16 (a) Demonstration of reconfigurable polarizations realization by...Figure 4.17 A “Hinged” relay most common structure.Figure 4.18 A mechanical latching relay (bistable relay) structure and mecha...Figure 4.19 Schematic of the proposed reconfigurable pixel‐patch antenna arc...Figure 4.20 Reconfigurable pixel‐patch antenna schematics for (a) linear X‐p...Figure 4.21 Reconfigurable pixel‐patch antenna schematics for (a) RHCP and (...Figure 4.22 Geometry of the K‐band polarization reconfigurable antenna integ...Figure 4.23 Configuration of broadband quad‐polarization reconfigurable ante...Figure 4.24 Feeding network with biasing circuit for quad‐polarization recon...Figure 4.25 A polarization feed network (PFN) to control the ports’ excitati...Figure 4.26 Magnitude of the surface current distribution for the different ...Figure 4.27 Multi‐polarization reconfigurable circular patch antenna with ei...Figure 4.28 Arrangement of the PIN diode switches.Figure 4.29 Photographs of the fabricated quad polarization reconfigurable a...Figure 4.30 Topological structure of the proposed wideband polarization reco...Figure 4.31 Assembly and geometries of the metasurfaced polarization reconfi...Figure 4.32 (a) E‐fields on a unit cell with diagonal corner truncated at θ rFigure 4.33 Configuration of cross slot metasurfaced polarization reconfigur...Figure 4.34 Schematic of the active metasurface and enlarged unit cell.Figure 4.35 Photograph of the horn antenna with the proposed active polariza...Figure 4.36 Geometry of the reconfigurable microstrip antenna with switchabl...Figure 4.37 Geometry of the antenna with dual polarization capability consis...Figure 4.38 Crossed patches with a SIFN for polarization reconfiguration pur...Figure 4.39 Eight RF PIN diodes used to create a polarization reconfigurable...Figure 4.40 Reconfigurable Archimedean spiral antenna using water.

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