Thien-Phap Nguyen - Organic Electronics 1

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Schematic representation of an N-type semiconductor/metal contact ac...Figure 5.2. Diagram of the energy bands of the metal/SC contact with alignment o...Figure 5.3. Formation of the interface dipole layer: a) metal with a low work fu...Figure 5.4. Schematic representation of the ICT model with the transition from t...Figure 5.5. Energy levels: a) in the metal; b) at the metal/SC interface Figure 5.6. Example of the structure of an organic solar cell: a) normal; b) inv...Figure 5.7. a) Structure of a self-assembled monolayer; b) example of the use of...

1 Chapter 2Table 2.1. Comparison of the properties of organic and inorganic SCs

2 Chapter 4Table 4.1. Metal work function and potential barrier for an MEHPPV/metal contact

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents

3 Title Page Series Editor Robert Baptist

4 Copyright First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2021 The rights of Thien-Phap Nguyen to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020948483 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-321-9

5 Introduction

6 Begin Reading

7 List of Acronyms

8 References

9 Index

10 End User License Agreement

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Series Editor

Robert Baptist

Thien-Phap Nguyen

First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd

27-37 St George’s Road

London SW19 4EU

UK

www.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

111 River Street

Hoboken, NJ 07030

USA

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2021

The rights of Thien-Phap Nguyen to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2020948483

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-78630-321-9

Organic electronics can be defined as a branch of general electronics that focuses on studying the properties and applications of organic semiconductors. These materials, referred to in common usage as plastics, are, in fact, a distinct class separate from that of ordinary plastic materials. They may be small molecules, or conjugated polymers, which have an electronic structure comparable to that of conventional semiconductors. Therefore, their physical properties are very similar to the properties of these latter materials. However, organic materials are generally amorphous and their electrical conductivity is much lower than that of traditional semiconductors. As a result, they have been neglected for a long time despite the discovery of some of their notable physical properties, such as the discovery of electroluminescence in anthracene in the 1960s.

In all scientific or technological disciplines, an idea, concept or creation can arise with a change or progression and profoundly alter the course of the evolution of the discipline – and sometimes even the course of the history of science. Such was the case in 1947 when the researchers John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain invented the transistor, a device that would revolutionize traditional electronics. This invention is what first allowed for the design of circuits that provided logical functions, then for these circuits to be integrated into complex systems capable of handling sophisticated tasks, and finally for these miniaturized systems to be incorporated into the portable electronic devices that we now use every day. A similar progression occurred in organic electronics in 1987, when Tang and Van Slyke used the evaporation of small molecules in a vacuum to create diodes that emitted light in the form of a thin film that operated with a turn-on voltage lower than 10 V. Their work demonstrated that, in practice, organic devices are suitable for optoelectronic applications in the same way as their inorganic counterparts. A few years later, Burroughs et al . (1994) demonstrated that by using conjugated polymers deposited as thin films from a solution, they could also produce light-emitting diodes with a low operating voltage. This work paved the way for film depositing techniques using solutions and led to the production of devices through printing developed later in laboratories. For this domain, we will use the descriptors “flexible” or “printed” to indicate the discipline of organic electronics. Advances in research have been very rapid and have shown remarkable results, not only in the understanding of physical processes in materials and components but also for the creation of new electronic devices now available on the market. Today, organic electronics has become its own field, one that will prove to be important technologically and economically in the near future.