Maurice Hulle - The Terrestrial Macroinvertebrates of the Sub-Antarctic Iles Kerguelen and Ile de la Possession

1 Cover

2 Title Page Series Editor Marie-Christine Maurel

3 Copyright First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2021 The rights of Maurice Hullé and Philippe Vernon to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2021937387 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-760-6 Photography: Bernard Chaubet (INRAE) Cartography: Damien Fourcy (INRAE) Species identification: Romain Georges (University of Rennes 1), Christelle Buchard (INRAE)

4 Foreword 1

5 Foreword 2

6 Acknowledgements

7 Introduction

8 1 General Presentation 1 General Presentation 1.1. Physical environment 1.1.1. Location and size The sub-Antarctic Îles Kerguelen and Îles Crozet belong to the South Indian Ocean Province, as do the Heard and McDonald Islands, and the Prince Edward Islands (Marion Island and Prince Edward Island) (Figure 1.1). Only Heard Island and McDonald Island are located in the very cold Antarctic waters. The others are located above the Polar Front, separating the very cold Antarctic waters from the sub-Antarctic cold waters. The Îles Kerguelen are located at 49°21’S, 70°13’E (Port-aux-Français) and Île de la Possession at 46°24’S, 51°46’E (Base Alfred-Faure). They are respectively 3,250 km and 2,800 km from Île de la Réunion, 3,800 km and 2,400 km from South Africa and 1,900 km and 2,100 km from the Antarctic Continent. The Îles Kerguelen and Heard Island are located on the same continental shelf and are only 423 km apart. The Îles Crozet and the Prince Edward Islands are a second, more western subgroup. The Îles Kerguelen are 130 km long and 120 km wide. Their total area is 7,215 km² including 6,675 km² for the main island which is called Grande Terre (Figure 1.2). The Îles Crozet are composed of an eastern group of islands (Île de l’Est and Île de la Possession) and a western group about 110 km away (Îlots des Apôtres, Île aux Cochons and Île des Pingouins) (Figure 1.3). Île de la Possession, the only inhabited island, is much smaller than Grande Terre, at only 150 km². 1.1. Physical environment 1.2. Landscapes 1.2. Landscapes Macroinvertebrates live mainly in low-elevation areas, which present four major types of landscape: sea-edge, grassland, wetland/mire and fellfield/rock (Davies and Greene 1976). Buildings and huts are also a habitat for some invertebrates. 1.3. Human occupancy 1.4. Natural history and history of species discovery 1.5. Current research on invertebrates 1.6. Nature reserve and access areas 1.7. The terrestrial macroinvertebrates

9 2 Annelida – Clitellata 2.1. Order: Crassiclitellata

10 3 Mollusca – Gastropoda 3.1. Order: Stylommatophora

11 4 Arthropoda – Arachnida 4.1. Order: Araneae 4.2. Order: Opiliones 4.3. Order: Pseudoscorpiones

12 5 Arthropoda – Insecta 5.1. Order: Coleoptera 5.2. Order: Diptera 5.3. Order: Hemiptera 5.4. Order: Hymenoptera 5.5. Order: Lepidoptera 5.6. Order: Psocoptera 5.7. Order: Thysanoptera

13 6 Originality and Fragility of Invertebrate Fauna 6.1. Biogeography and adaptations 6.2. Biological invasions and climate change

14 Appendix

15 References

16 Index

17 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. South Indian Ocean sub-Antarctic islandsFigure 1.2. The Îles KerguelenFigure 1.3. The Îles CrozetFigure 1.4. Topography of the Îles KerguelenFigure 1.5. Topography of Île de la Possession (Crozet)Figure 1.6. Climate at Port-aux-Français (Îles Kerguelen) (left) and Base Alfred...Figure 1.7. Direction of the strongest winds (data from Météo-France)Figure 1.8. Sea-edge habitats (photos: M. Hullé)Figure 1.9. This littoral cliff at Pointe Suzanne (Îles Kerguelen), covered with...Figure 1.10. Grasslands (photos: M. Hullé)Figure 1.11. Wetlands and mires (photos: M. Hullé)Figure 1.12. Fellfield and rocky habitats (photos: M. Hullé)Figure 1.13. Buildings and huts (photos: M. Hullé, unless otherwise stated)Figure 1.14. Date and cumulated number of native species’ first description (cum...Figure 1.15. Portraits of some naturalists who worked on the invertebrate fauna ...Figure 1.16. Protected areas of the Îles Kerguelen and Île de la Possession (map...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Microscolex crozetensis (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 2.2. Microscolex enzenspergeri (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 2.3. Microscolex kerguelarum (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 2.4. Microscolex luykeni (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 2.5. Currently known distribution of Allolobophora chloroticaFigure 2.6. Allolobophora chlorotica (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 2.7. Currently known distribution of Dendrodrilus rubidusFigure 2.8. Dendrodrilus rubidus (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 2.9. Currently known distribution of Eiseniella tetraedraFigure 2.10. Eiseniella tetraedra (photo: B. Chaubet)

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Notodiscus hookeri (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 3.2. Currently known distribution of Deroceras invadensFigure 3.3. Deroceras invadens (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 3.4. Currently known distribution of Deroceras reticulatum

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Crozetulus minutus (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 4.2. Myro kerguelenensis: juvenile eating a mite and foreleg tibia dorsal...Figure 4.3. Myro jeanneli, female (left) and male (right) (photos: B. Chaubet)Figure 4.4. Myro paucispinosus: female, and foreleg (photos: B. Chaubet)Figure 4.5. Myro pumilus, male (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 4.6. Hahnia crozetensis (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 4.7. Neomaso antarcticus (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 4.8. Currently known distribution of Tenuiphantes tenuisFigure 4.9. Tenuiphantes tenuis, female (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 4.10. Grasses covered by the webs of a Tenuiphantes tenuis colony at Île ...Figure 4.11. Currently known distribution of Lepthyphantes leprosusFigure 4.12. Lepthyphantes leprosus, female (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 4.13. Currently known distribution of Ostearius melanopygiusFigure 4.14. Ostearius melanopygius (photo: A. Pierre and M. Bertrand)Figure 4.15. Currently known distribution of Tegenaria domesticaFigure 4.16. Tegenaria domestica (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 4.17. Currently known distribution of Pholcus phalangioidesFigure 4.18. Pholcus phalangioides (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 4.19. Currently known distribution of Steatoda triangulosa and S. grossaFigure 4.20. Steatoda grossa, male (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 4.21. Steatoda triangulosa (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 4.22. Nuncia unifalculata (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 4.23. Austrochthonius insularis (photo: B. Chaubet)

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Bothrometopus angusticollis (Collection MNHN2, photo: H. Baird)Figure 5.2. Bothrometopus brevis (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 5.3. Bothrometopus comes (photo: B. Chaubet)Figure 5.4. Bothrometopus crozetensis (Collection MNHN, photo: H. Baird)Figure 5.5. Bothrometopus daviesi (Collection MNHN, photo: M.