Dan Binkley - Forest Ecology

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1 Preface FIGURE A The ecology of all forests can be approached with a core framework ... FIGURE B Stem growth in tropical forests is higher for sites with higher pre... FIGURE C The influence of both factors can be examined together by examini... FIGURE D Rates of wood growth for lodgepole pine forests in Yellowstone Nat... FIGURE E Sal is a major species across southern Asia, just one species of 7...

2 Chapter 1 FIGURE 1.1 The Tree. This tulip poplar is a typical tree for temperate fores... FIGURE 1.2 The daily pattern of incoming sunlight (A) reflects the geometry ... FIGURE 1.3 Seasonal trends in incoming sunlight (A) lead to almost twofold d... FIGURE 1.4 Growth of yellow poplar trees is low in drier summers (a negative... FIGURE 1.5 The dominant tulip poplar tree in the center of this springtime p... FIGURE 1.6 Although this looks like a topographic map of the Coweeta Basin, ... FIGURE 1.7 Forest patterns commonly vary with elevation and with local topo... FIGURE 1.8 Forest composition in the Coweeta Basin in 1935 and in 1990. The ... FIGURE 1.9 As with the tulip poplar and tulip poplar forest examined in this...

3 Chapter 2 FIGURE 2.1 The vegetation in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in north... FIGURE 2.2 The distributions of major types of forests can be mapped across ... FIGURE 2.3 The tallest trees in the world occur in cool, wet locations, and... FIGURE 2.4 Rates of chemical processes increase with increasing temperature,... FIGURE 2.5 On an afternoon when air temperature was 25 °C, the temperatures ... FIGURE 2.6 All objects emit radiation to the environment, and hotter object... FIGURE 2.7 The total potential sunlight (not accounting for clouds) at 23° l... FIGURE 2.8 The daily amount of incoming sunlight depends on the aspect of a ... FIGURE 2.9 The amount of incoming radiation received by a site depends not o... FIGURE 2.10 The energy budget for a forest clearcut in Oregon, USA on a summ... FIGURE 2.11 The temperature of the air in the forest in northern Arizona, U... FIGURE 2.12 Average annual temperatures for sites around the world decline w... FIGURE 2.13 Air temperature increases with decreasing elevation because incr... FIGURE 2.14 Daily comparisons of high and low temperatures at locations tha... FIGURE 2.15 The temperatures of the soil (10 cm below the O horizon) differe... FIGURE 2.16 Removing some or all of the tree canopy from a high‐elevation fo... FIGURE 2.17 Buds on spruce trees in northern Sweden burst open and expand ne... FIGURE 2.18 The average growth of wood in tropical forests around the world ... FIGURE 2.19 Forests occur in temperate regions where precipitation is typica... FIGURE 2.20 Severe winds that are not too extreme may topple individual tre... FIGURE 2.21 What will happen in this forest on a windy day in June? Back in... FIGURE 2.22 Severe droughts can foster outbreaks of bark beetle populations,... FIGURE 2.23 The major tree species in the Rocky Mountains, USA can be plott...

4 Chapter 3 FIGURE 3.1 Millions of years ago, tulip poplars were found across much of wh... FIGURE 3.2 Some examples of trees from the major conifer families (beginning... FIGURE 3.3 The view from 30 m up: Tropical rain forests are famous for thei...FIGURE 3.4 The young fig in Kerala, India in the upper two panels is wrappe...FIGURE 3.5 Red alder trees form a symbiosis with Frankia bacteria, housed i...FIGURE 3.6 The 50 or so aspen stems visible in this picture are only half of...FIGURE 3.7 The history of vegetation at a site may be recorded in the form o...FIGURE 3.8 Ponderosa pine trees were absent from the Rocky Mountains during ...FIGURE 3.9 Hemlock was a major species of the forests of southern Ontario, ...FIGURE 3.10 The current animal community in North America bears slight resem...FIGURE 3.11 Change is the only consistent story of forest ecology for the l...FIGURE 3.12 Earth is warming, and this warming will be accompanied by chang...

5 Chapter 4FIGURE 4.1 The apparent color of leaves changes in the autumn as changing c...FIGURE 4.2 Rates of transpiration from leaves depends on the density and ope...FIGURE 4.3 Water flows “down” gradients of potential, from high potentials ...FIGURE 4.4 The structure of leaves in the canopy of a rain forest in Costa R...FIGURE 4.5 Eucalyptus plantations in Hawaii also show a clear pattern betwee...FIGURE 4.6 The photosynthetic capacity of needles (with full sunlight) in a ...FIGURE 4.7 The tropical location of this eucalyptus plantation in Brazil exp...FIGURE 4.8 This onyina (or kapok) tree in Ghana has large buttresses which d...FIGURE 4.9 Fine roots concentrate in the upper soil, including the O horizon...FIGURE 4.10 The tiny seeds of cottonwoods provide almost no resources to sup...FIGURE 4.11 Aaltonen (1919) concluded that light alone did not explain the g...FIGURE 4.12 Douglas‐fir seedlings planted in the understory of a Norway spru...FIGURE 4.13 Scots pine trees in Finland can withstand temperatures of −50 °...FIGURE 4.14 Two decades after a forest‐replacing fire, a forest in northern ...FIGURE 4.15 The survivorship curve (left) for a mountain palm forest in Pu...FIGURE 4.16 The combination of the addition of new trees and the death of e...FIGURE 4.17 Many (most?) broadleaved trees can form new tree stems from root...FIGURE 4.18 Most forest trees originate from seeds produced by trees in the ...FIGURE 4.19 Beech trees have masting years of high seed production at inter...FIGURE 4.20 The bark of aspen is white/gray on the surface, with a layer of...

6 Chapter 5FIGURE 5.1 Koa forests in Hawaii descended from seeds brought from Australia...FIGURE 5.2 Beaver‐cutting of aspen stems (top left) typically does not kill ...FIGURE 5.3 A fivefold increase in ungulate populations (Y axis is scaled to ...FIGURE 5.4 Domestic livestock are common in many forests, including reindeer...FIGURE 5.5 The age structure of aspen across the Kaibab Plateau supported th...FIGURE 5.6 Simple stories could be imagined as useful explanations for popul...FIGURE 5.7 Map of Isle Royale, where dynamics of populations of moose and wo...FIGURE 5.8 The dynamics of moose and wolf populations on Isle Royale followe...FIGURE 5.9 A simulation of forest vegetation in response to intensity of moo...FIGURE 5.10 Some animal populations fluctuate on a semi‐regular cycle, thoug...FIGURE 5.11 Populations of snowshoe hares increased with the addition of foo...FIGURE 5.12 The food web in the “lynx/hare” system in the Yukon includes str...FIGURE 5.13 Roe deer are medium‐size (20–30 kg) browsing herbivores, with de...FIGURE 5.14 Over a 30‐year period, the population of elk on the Uncompahgre ...FIGURE 5.15 Reducing a high population of red deer in the Cairngorm mountai...FIGURE 5.16 The hypothesis that elk benefit from thermal cover in winter was...FIGURE 5.17 Fencing can be used to test for the effect of animals in a singl...FIGURE 5.18 Two canyons in Zion National Park, Utah, US, look very different...

7 Chapter 6FIGURE 6.1 Individual trees can find sufficient support, water, and nutrie...FIGURE 6.2 These profiles come from sites just a few km apart in Brazil. Th...FIGURE 6.3 Forest growth differs by more than a factor of two across a 10...FIGURE 6.4 A common‐garden experiment in Toronto, Ontario, Canada found a l...FIGURE 6.5 A common‐garden experiment in Poland included plots with linden,...FIGURE 6.6 The diversity of life in soils is almost inconceivable, so here ...FIGURE 6.7 The water content of the atmosphere varies with latitude (high i...FIGURE 6.8 Precipitation falls mostly on canopies in forests, and high surfa...FIGURE 6.9 The growth of trees often increases going down slopes. The two bl...FIGURE 6.10 Streams flow with water down a valley, but water also moves thr...FIGURE 6.11 Evapotranspiration can be measured at varying scales in forest...FIGURE 6.12 The amount of water returned to the atmosphere by forests in A...FIGURE 6.13 Streamflow increased after clearcutting a watershed in the Cow...FIGURE 6.14 Streamflow increases when trees are removed, as a result of lo...FIGURE 6.15 Slash pine trees develop sparse crowns and grow poorly on this ...FIGURE 6.16 The addition of nitrogen from the atmosphere to forests and oth...FIGURE 6.17 The forms, transformations, and movement of N in forests are co...FIGURE 6.18 The log in the upper left decomposed over about a century, and ...FIGURE 6.19 The annual flow of streamwater increases across watersheds of ...