Iceland Within the Northern Atlantic, Volume 2

3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Sub-lacustrine bedded hyaloclastites of the last glacial episode, Sn...Figure 2.2. Hyaloclastite facies. (A) Unoxidized hyaloclastite facies (Kleifarva...Figure 2.3. Examples of tuya-type recent subglacial volcanoes Figure 2.4. Examples of steeply sloping tuyas. (A) Diagram of a tuya with subgla...Figure 2.5. Hyaloclastite ridges. (A) To the immediate north of Vatnajökull, abo...Figure 2.6. Formation of fissural rift volcanoes during an interglacial period (...Figure 2.7. Structuration of a hyaloclastite ridge (Kleifarvatn). (A) Interpreta...Figure 2.8. Facies of laminated hyaloclastites at the edge of ice sheets. (A, B)...Figure 2.9. Comparative volumes of volcanic emissions during the end of deglacia...Figure 2.10. Principle of the unspiked K-Ar method. Two isotopes of argon are me...Figure 2.11. Examples of age spectra and isochron diagram Figure 2.12. Example of probability diagrams (continuous red curve) of anorthocl...Figure 2.13. Isochron diagram showing in gray the xenocrysts that plot off the i...Figure 2.14. Location map of dated samples (modified from Guillou et al. 2010) Figure 2.15. Examples of dated subglacial lava flows (A–D) and subaerial lava fl...Figure 2.16. Plot of the eruption time intervals based on radiometric ages on th...Figure 2.17. Location map of dated rhyolitic samples. The yellow stars refer to ...Figure 2.18. Position of the 24 dated Icelandic rhyolites on Lisiecki and Raymo’...

4 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Arctic paleogeography in the final Lower Miocene (modified from Jako...Figure 3.2. Thermal and eustatic events leading to the onset of glaciation (modi...Figure 3.3(a). Location of sites. In red: current North Atlantic Deep Water (NAD...Figure 3.3(b). Tectonic and hydrological evolution of the North Atlantic since t...Figure 3.4. Chronology of the onset of ice-rafted debris in the North Atlantic. ...Figure 3.5. Evolution of peri-Atlantic freezing and thermohaline circulation in ...Figure 3.6. Two hypotheses of glaciation during the Weichselian Pleniglacial. (A...Figure 3.7. Relationships between high present precipitation (gray), position of...Figure 3.8. Ice streams and ice shelves Figure 3.9. Proglacial reaction flexural bulge: the deformation propagates in fr...Figure 3.10. Apparent sea-level rise curve for the west coast of Iceland (comple...Figure 3.11. (A) Indications of moderate hydrothermal activity in Holocene sedim...Figure 3.12. Correlation of glacial deposits identified in Icelandic stratigraph...Figure 3.13. Evolution of Icelandic glaciations during the Plio-Pleistocene. Com...Figure 3.14. Tjörnes glacial and glaciomarine deposits (source of the log: Verho...Figure 3.15. Climate change, recorded by δ180 in sea cores (Liesecki and Raymo 2...Figure 3.16(a). Recording of the MPT within the deposits of the Múlalón paleolak...Figure 3.16(b). Recording of the MPT within the deposits of the Múlalón paleolak...Figure 3.17. Paleoclimatic record of the last 400 ky in Vostok, Antarctica (modi...Figure 3.18. Iceland during the Middle Saalian and Eemian. (A) Location of sites...Figure 3.19. Eemian deposits Figure 3.20. Reconstructed apparent eustatic curve in Southern Iceland from Rang...Figure 3.21. Modalities of the extension of the Icelandic ice sheet based on the...Figure 3.22. Recording of ice sheet behavior, subglacial and subaerial eruptive ...Figure 3.23. Extension of the ice cap during the LGM Figure 3.24. Ice rivers. Terminal moraine arcs in the Eyjafjörður (Greinivík, Sp...Figure 3.25. Altitude of the tuyas (section from Vatnajökull to Öxarfjodur and L...Figure 3.26. Sedimentary facies linked to deglaciation Figure 3.27. Chronology of deglaciation in Iceland between 12 and 8 ky (Van Vlie...Figure 3.28. Holocene evolution of glaciers in the North Atlantic area. Note the...Figure 3.29. Current rock glacier and glacier morphologies Figure 3.30. Examples of ancient deposits. (A) Paleotuya truncated by very old t...Figure 3.31. Average annual rain and temperatures for the period 1931–1960. (1) ...Figure 3.32. (A) Map of North Atlantic marine currents. Fine black arrows: cold ...Figure 3.33. Holocene history of the Icelandic sea ice. (A) Holocene extension o...Figure 3.34. Maximum extension of sea ice in April 1917. It reached Reykjavík in...Figure 3.35. Evolution of Icelandic habitat Figure 3.36. Icelandic flora. (A) Viviparous sheep’s fescue. (B) Botrychium fern...Figure 3.37. Quasi-natural plant associations in Iceland Figure 3.38. Map of current permafrost. Dark blue: continuous; light blue: disco...Figure 3.39. Glacial and periglacial figures associated with permafrost Figure 3.40. Periglacial soils. (A, B) Thufurs (Þeistareykir and Krafla volcanoe...Figure 3.41. (A, B) Solifluction tongues. (C) Small frost-sorted soils. Shallow ...Figure 3.42. Soil erosion map, simplified from the CORINE database (modified fro...

5 ConclusionFigure C.1. Geological map of Iceland, originally at 1/600 000e, H.J Jóhannesson...

1 Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Location map of dated samples (modified from Guillou et al. 2010) Table 2.2. K-Ar ages of subaerial volcanic samples. Data from (Guillou et al. 20...Table 2.3. Table of 40 Ar/ 39Ar data from the temperature step-heating experiments...

2 Chapter 3Table 3.1. Evolution of Icelandic flora during the Neogene (based on Meyen 1987; Wappler and Grimsson 2016)

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents

3 Title Page SCIENCES Geoscience , Field Director – Yves Lagabrielle Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Interactions , Subject Head – René Maury

4 Copyright First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2021 The rights of Brigitte Van Vliet-Lanoë to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2021934743 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78945-015-6 ERC code: PE10 Earth System Science PE10_5 Geology, tectonics, volcanology PE10_13 Physical geography PE10_18 Cryosphere, dynamics of snow and ice cover, sea ice, permafrosts and ice sheets

5 List of Abbreviations

6 Preface

7 Introduction

8 Begin Reading

9 Conclusion

10 References

11 List of Authors

12 Index

13 Summary of Volume 2

14 End User License Agreement

1 v

2 iii

3 iv

4 ix

5 x

6 xi

7 xii

8 xiii

9 xv

10 xvi

11 xvii

12 xix

13 xx

14 xxi

15 xxii

16 xxiii

17 xxiv

18 xxv

19 xxvi

20 xxvii

21 xxviii

22 xxix

23 xxx

24 xxxi

25 xxxii

26 xxxiii

27 xxxiv

28 xxxv

29 xxxvi

30 xxxvii

31 xxxviii

32 xxxix

33 1

34 2