Ibrahim Dincer: Thermal Energy Storage Systems and Applications

8 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Plant performance data with inlet air cooling options.Table 8.2 Comparison of three main types of TES systems for the project.Table 8.3 GIMSA Hypermarket average temperatures, liquid/solid icing ratio, a...Table 8.4 Data for streams during discharging.Table 8.5 Performance data for system units as well as the chiller cycle and ...Table 8.6 Comparison of total costs (in US$) for four different options for b...Table 8.7 Present and planned future capacity of the trigeneration plant.Table 8.8 Main equipment and their capacities for the trigeneration plant.Table 8.9 Techno‐economic comparison of diffusers.Table 8.10 Equipment and capital costs with and without TES.Table 8.11 RT‐27 PCM specifications.Table 8.12 System data for the latent TES system and its PCM.Table 8.13 Electricity use data for two TES scenarios for the NBH hotel for S...Table 8.14 Monthly electricity cost data for two TES scenarios for the NBH ho...Table 8.15 Economic analysis of the use of chilled water TES for the NBH hote...Table 8.16 Comparison of annual energy use and GHG emissions for a Drake Land...Table 8.17 Design values for the heat pumps.

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Illustration of pressures for measurement. Figure 1.2 The state‐change diagram of water. Figure 1.3 Temperature–volume diagram for the phase change of water. Figure 1.4 A generalized compressibility chart obtained for 13 fluids (gener... Figure 1.5 Representation of four polytropic processes on a pressure–volume ... Figure 1.6 Velocity profiles for flows: (a) one‐dimensional flow, (b) two‐di... Figure 1.7 Schematic diagram of velocity profile moving away from a wall (i.... Figure 1.8 Fluid flow in a stream tube. Figure 1.9 Relationship between velocity, pressure, elevation, and density f... Figure 1.10 Uniform flow between two stationary parallel plates. Figure 1.11 Uniform flow down a plate. Figure 1.12 Uniform flow in a pipe. Figure 1.13 Development of boundary layer in a viscous flow along a plate. Figure 1.14 Representations of heat transfer modes: (a) conduction through a... Figure 1.15 Conduction in a slab (a) and in a thin slice of the slab (b). Figure 1.16 A wall subject to convection heat transfer on both sides. Figure 1.17 A composite wall with many layers in series. Figure 1.18 A hollow cylinder. Figure 1.19 Heat conduction in a hollow sphere. Figure 1.20 Heat conduction in a slab with uniform heat generation: (a) asym... Figure 1.21 Natural convection on a vertical plate.

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 A classification of energy storage methods. Figure 2.2 A pumped hydro storage plant. Figure 2.3 Representation of underground pumped hydro storage. Figure 2.4 Compressed‐air ES systems: (a) sliding pressure system and (b) co... Figure 2.5 A flywheel and its components. Figure 2.6 Comparison of rechargeable batteries and hydrogen fuel cells. (a)... Figure 2.7 Schematic illustration of a liquid‐acid battery. Figure 2.8 High‐temperature sodium–sulfur battery [18]. Figure 2.9 Schematic view of Li‐ion battery: (a) prismatic cell [19] and (b)... Figure 2.10 Representation of energy levels in a cyclic system converting li... Figure 2.11 Operating principle of a chemical heat pump system. Figure 2.12 Mechanism of biological ES for a human body. Figure 2.13 Illustration of the formation, transport, and impact of acid pre... Figure 2.14 Illustration of the greenhouse effect.Figure 2.15 Illustration of sources of natural and anthropogenic ozone‐deple...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Global electricity production processes and energy flows in 2007....Figure 3.2 Seasonal TES charging and discharging activity during the year.Figure 3.3 Cold storage (a) and heat storage (b) systems and the three proce...Figure 3.4 Checklists for (a) evaluating a TES project and (b) integrating T...Figure 3.5 Generic inlet‐air cooling system (the cold storage inside the dot...Figure 3.6 A solar rock‐bed TES system.Figure 3.7 Position of inlet and outlet, and effective quantity of water (ha...Figure 3.8 Schematics of various tank configurations; (a) single medium syst...Figure 3.9 Concrete TES system.Figure 3.10 Solar storage tanks: (a) heat storage tank tied directly to both...Figure 3.11 Schematic of a cylindrical combined water‐rock storage.Figure 3.12 Schematic of the operation of an ATES system.Figure 3.13 Some environmental benefits of ATES.Figure 3.14 An ATES system combined with a heat pump.Figure 3.15 Operational principles for ATES systems using heat pumps.Figure 3.16 Cross‐section representation of a typical salinity‐gradient sola...Figure 3.17 Evacuated solar collector TES system. (a) Evacuated solar collec...Figure 3.18 PCM classification.Figure 3.19 Process for using GSA zeolites as a heat storage media.Figure 3.20 PCM and TCM‐based TES system storage capacities by temperature....Figure 3.21 Solar TES pipe using a PCM.Figure 3.22 (a) Nodule for STL system, and (b) capsule for STL latent TES.Figure 3.23 A latent TES integrated with a heat pump.Figure 3.24 Operating strategies. (a) Full‐storage, (b) partial‐storage load...Figure 3.25 Sample demand profiles for the design, full storage and partial ...Figure 3.26 Comparison of water and ice CTESs, showing that the capacity of ...Figure 3.27 Variation in tank volume (expressed as the ratio between ice and...Figure 3.28 (a) PlusICE™ beam for CTES applications. (b) Centralized and loc...Figure 3.29 CTES cost relationship.Figure 3.30 Schematic of a chilled‐water production and distribution system....Figure 3.31 Cost relationship for chilled‐water CTES.Figure 3.32 Series tank configuration for chiller‐water CTES.Figure 3.33 Series (a) and parallel (b) tank configurations for chilled‐wate...Figure 3.34 Stratified tank configuration.Figure 3.35 Operation of heat pump CTES.Figure 3.36 Ice‐on‐pipe CTES for process refrigeration.Figure 3.37 Low‐pressure portion of an ice‐on‐pipe CTES for process refriger...Figure 3.38 High‐pressure portion of an ice‐on‐pipe CTES.Figure 3.39 Ice harvester system.Figure 3.40 Cost relationship for ice harvesters.Figure 3.41 Glycol ice CTES system.Figure 3.42 Modular ice storage tanks and some of their characteristics.Figure 3.43 Encapsulated ice storage tanks.Figure 3.44 MaximICE ice‐slurry system.Figure 3.45 CYFLIP ice CTES.Figure 3.46 Instantaneous charge capacity of Cryogel ice balls (in tons per ...Figure 3.47 Instantaneous discharge capacity of Cryogel ice balls (in tons p...Figure 3.48 Atmospheric ice ball, single tank (series) TES system.Figure 3.49 Pressurized ice ball, single tank (series) TES system.Figure 3.50 ILIQ controller for manual control.Figure 3.51 (a) Ice thickness sensor for external melt systems, and (b) wate...Figure 3.52 Illustration of partially buried, bermed heat storage tank. Appr...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 The relation between the exergetic temperature factor τ and ...Figure 4.2 Three basic types of thermal storage. (a) A closed system in whic...Figure 4.3 The three stages in a simple heat storage process: charging perio...Figure 4.4 An example in which two cases are considered. Shown are the charg...Figure 4.5 The overall heat storage process, showing energy parameters (term...Figure 4.6 The three periods in the overall heat storage process (charging, ...Figure 4.7 Energy values (in kJ) for the example, showing the three modes of...Figure 4.8 Exergy values (in kJ) for the example, showing the three modes of...Figure 4.9 The overall heat storage process for a general TES system. Shown ...Figure 4.10 Energy‐efficiency‐to‐exergy‐efficiency ratio, ψ / η , as ...Figure 4.11 Temperature‐time profiles assumed for the charging and dischargi...Figure 4.12 Observed values for the temperature and volumetric flow rate of ...Figure 4.13 Variation of several calculated energy and exergy quantities and...Figure 4.14 A vertically stratified storage having a linear temperature dist...Figure 4.15 A vertically stratified storage having a stepped temperature dis...Figure 4.16 The three‐zone temperature‐distribution models. (a) General, (b)...Figure 4.17 The realistic vertically stratified temperature distribution con...Figure 4.18 Variation with the mixed‐storage temperature T mof the modified ...Figure 4.19 Illustration for three ranges of values of the mixed‐storage tem...Figure 4.20 Illustration for a series of values of the mixed‐storage tempera...Figure 4.21 The three processes in a general CTES system: charging (left), s...Figure 4.22 A schematic representation of an encapsulated ITES system. Sourc ...Figure 4.23 A load profile diagram for an encapsulated ITES system (see [114...Figure 4.24 Ice‐on‐coil TES experimental setup. Top (a) and front (b) views ...Figure 4.25 Schematic representation of the mathematical model [122].Figure 4.26 Thermal resistance networks for period I (a) and period II (b) [...Figure 4.27 Effects of inlet temperature and flow rate of heat transfer flui...Figure 4.28 The closed TES system considered in evaluating optimal discharge...Figure 4.29 Discharge efficiencies, accounting for pump work, for adiabatic ...Figure 4.30 Discharge efficiencies for nonadiabatic TES systems with and wit...Figure 4.31 Illustration of a solar pond.Figure 4.32 A photo of experimental solar pond.Figure 4.33 Illustration of all heat transfers in experimental solar pond.Figure 4.34 Illustration of the three zones in the experimental solar pond....Figure 4.35 Monthly temperature distributions at various heights of the sola...Figure 4.36 Density variation of water in the solar pond.Figure 4.37 Monthly variation of energy and exergy contents of the solar pon...Figure 4.38 Monthly variation of energy and exergy efficiencies of the solar...