Planet Formation and Panspermia

10 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Illustration of how a planetesimal from the planetesimal belt reache...Figure 13.2 Amount of delivered water on planets in TRAPPIST-1 system in percent...

11 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Diameters of objects that have their escape velocities equal in magn...

1 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Various parameters used for the estimation of the number of captured p...

2 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Comparison between the composition of the lunar (Apollo 15) and terre...

3 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Estimates for the date of LUCA.Table 11.2 Data from [11.5]. Geological names from [11.21] for time points desig...

4 Chapter 12Table 12.1 κ ′ values of magnesite, calcite, siderite, and anhydrite.Table 12.2 κ ′ values of oxides.Table 12.3 κ ′ values of gases.Table 12.4 κ ′ values of primordial atmospheres.

5 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Abundance of 18 most abundant elements relative to H, taken from [13....Table 13.2 List of volatile materials for C, S, and M types of asteroids.

1 v

2 ii

3 iii

4 iv

5 xi

6 xii

7 xiii

8 xiv

9 1

10 3

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13 7

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Astrobiology Perspectives on Life of the Universe

Series Editors: Richard Gordon and Joseph Seckbach

In his 1687 book Principia , Isaac Newton showed how a body launched atop a tall mountain parallel to the ground would circle the Earth. Many of us are old enough to have witnessed the realization of this dream in the launch of Sputnik in 1957. Since then our ability to enter, view and understand the Universe has increased dramatically. A great race is on to discover real extraterrestrial life, and to understand our origins, whether on Earth or elsewhere. We take part of the title for this new series of books from the pioneering thoughts of Svante Arrhenius, who reviewed this quest in his 1909 book The Life of the Universe as Conceived by Man from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time . The volumes in Astrobiology Perspectives on Life of the Universewill each delve into an aspect of this adventure, with chapters by those who are involved in it, as well as careful observers and assessors of our progress. Guest editors are invited from time to time, and all chapters are peer-reviewed.

Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ( martin@scrivenerpublishing.com) Phillip Carmical ( pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com)

Edited by

Branislav Vukotić

Astronomical Observatory, Belgrade, Serbia

Richard Gordon

Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory & Aquarium, Panacea, FL, USA and Wayne University, Detroit, MI, USA

and

Joseph Seckbach

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

© 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC

For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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