Wetland Carbon and Environmental Management

7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Percentages and densities of carbon and nitrogen in the upper 6 c...Table 7.2 Trajectories of vertical accretion, surface elevation change, and...Table 7.3 Incremental rates of carbon and nitrogen within soils per unit de...

8 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Summary of Indonesian Mangrove Study Sites and Carbon StocksTable 8.2 Sediment accretion and carbon burial rates in mangroves across di...

9 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Regression coefficients of the scaling equation LN y = a + b LN x,...Table 9.2 Biogeochemical soil characteristics at 30 cm depth in Tampamacho,...Table 9.3 Tree height, DBH, basal area, density, aboveground biomass and ca...Table 9.4 Total organic carbon stock (C org, Mg C/ha ± 1 s.e.) in preserved,...

10 Chapter 10Table 10.1 General characteristics of the five boreholes investigated in th...Table 10.2 Accelerator mass spectrometry 14C ages from boreholes in this stu...Table 10.3 Statistical summary of each sedimentary unit in all five study b...

11 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Vegetation structure (DBH, Tree density, Basal area) in the diff...Table 12.2 Two‐way ANOVA tests showing the effect of sampling zones and sea...Table 12.3 Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) post hoc test resu...Table 12.4 Mean values (± SD) of the different soil parameters studied for ...

12 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Cumulative annual budgets of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), metha...Table 13.2 Summary of environmental parameters and design suggestions to ma...

13 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Results of analyses of variance (ANOVA) testing for differences ...

14 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Summary of the general characteristics of wetlands and agrosyste...Table 15.2 Annual rates of the main C‐related metabolisms (g C/m 2/yr) and t...

15 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Peat properties of ash‐free bulk density (AFBD), gravimetric wat...Table 16.2 Aboveground herbaceous biomass and foliar and soil C and nitroge...

16 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Regressions comparing CO 2and CH 4(g C/m 2/d) fluxes measured at ...Table 17.2 Summary of published winter carbon fluxes from a variety of clim...

17 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Coastal Swamp Oak Forest organic carbon (C org) stocks (for 0.3 a...Table 18.2 Preliminary estimates of Coastal Swamp Oak Forest (CSOF) carbon ...

18 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Summary of land use/cover and the measurement/estimate in five s...Table 19.2 Partitioning heterotrophic respiration from total respiration in...Table 19.3 The effect of raising groundwater level (GWL) on CO 2emissions i...Table 19.4 Effect of GWL on CO 2emissions from intact and converted PSF in ...Table 19.5 Peat subsidence rates (mm/yr) before and after canal blocking fo...Table 19.6 Frequency of fire risk (% of time) using weather data from 1980 ...

19 Chapter 20Table 20.1 Soil bulk‐density, organic matter, carbon density, soil types, n...

20 Chapter 21Table 21.1 Soil flux (CO 2& CH 4), bulk density, and water‐table depth by fi...Table 21.2 Soil Carbon Density, Soil Vertical Accretion, Soil Carbon Accumu...Table 21.3 Description of hydrologic strata parameters for scenario modelin...Table 21.4 Net ecosystem carbon balance estimated for each hydrologic scena...Table 21.5 Projected net ecosystem carbon balance from the years 2012 to 21...Table 21.6 Total emissions versus fire emissions are shown as 100‐year aver...

21 Chapter 22Table 22.1 Predicted values of wetland ecosystem services (per acre)

22 Chapter 24Table 24.1 Ecosystem carbon pool (to a depth of 1 m) and net CO 2and CH 4fl...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Global maximum extent of vegetated wetland area using the Wetland...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Distribution of percent organic carbon by weight (a) and soil org... Figure 2.2 Area burned separated by wetland regions in the years studied. We... Figure 2.3 Inland wetland area burned by year and vegetation type, showing t...

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Wetland carbon inflows, outflows, and preservation. Only a small ... Figure 3.2 Subsidence due to peatland drainage in California, Florida, Malay... Figure 3.3 Effects of O 2availability on enzyme activity and organic matter ... Figure 3.4 CO 2production from peat as a function of the concentration of O‐... Figure 3.5 Contributions of CO 2, CH 4, and N 2O to radiative forcing due to la...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Influence that (a) less frequent but greater disturbance and (b) ...Figure 4.2 An example of a floodplain wetland that depends upon people. This...Figure 4.3 A ditched coastal marsh. Barn Island Wildlife Management Area, St...Figure 4.4 Top and side views of a fixed‐crest weir. Increasingly, stop logs...Figure 4.5 Example of technology used to drain wetlands for agriculture by e...Figure 4.6 Top and side views of a culvert/gate/pipe passing through a levee...Figure 4.7 A coastal wetland after channelization for navigation isolated th...Figure 4.8 Outfall of siphon crossing an artificial levee on an artificial c...Figure 4.9 Siphon (lower, center left) crossing the artificial levee of the ...Figure 4.10 Tidal channel adjacent to where a dike was removed, and a connec...Figure 4.11 A few from outside a managed wetland of two “self‐regulating” ti...Figure 4.12 Diagram of a “self‐regulating” tide gate from the outside of a m...Figure 4.13 This graph shows how elevation of different features change over...Figure 4.14 Predicted and observed surface elevation of a 372‐ha wetland cre...Figure 4.15 Recent and projected global human population.

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Conceptual diagram illustrating the functions of a tidal marsh in...Figure 5.2 Map of the Nisqually River Delta in Puget Sound, Washington, USA....Figure 5.3 Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in the Red Salmon Reference marsh an...Figure 5.4 Relative percent contribution of a) invertebrate prey in juvenile Chi...Figure 5.5 Modeled habitat distributions for the Delta for (a) present day a...Figure 5.6 Map of the Billy Frank Junior Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge ...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Study sites located at Pearl Bay of Fangchenggang City in Guangxi...Figure 6.2 The design and development of mangrove eco‐farm systemThis sy...Figure 6.3 The restored mangroves in the underground aquaculture system in S...Figure 6.4 The profile of soil total nitrogen, total carbon, and C/N ratios ...Figure 6.5 Biomass carbon storage (a) and soil carbon storage (b) of restore...Figure 6.6 The mangrove forests and the aquaculture ponds along Pearl Bay of...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Location of mangrove forests undergoing persistent stress from ti...Figure 7.2 Surface elevation change and vertical accretion based on rod surf...Figure 7.3 Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration of surface soils using ...Figure 7.4 Theoretical framework for the restoration of ecosystem processes ...Figure 7.5 Theoretical framework for the restoration of soil carbon sequestr...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Mangrove distribution across Indonesia (Giri et al., 2011) with s...Figure 8.2 Summary of compiled carbon stocks dataset across four different m...Figure 8.3 Total biomass (tree + root) carbon stocks over time after selecti...Figure 8.4 Total belowground soil carbon stocks across different year after ...Figure 8.5 Mean TECS in mangroves and abandoned shrimp ponds in the Mahakam ...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 (a) Study sites in the northwest and the southeast of the Gulf of...Figure 9.2 Preserved, transitional, and impaired mangroves in the Tampamacho...Figure 9.3 Hydrological restoration in the impaired mangroves of Tampamachoc...Figure 9.4 Mean flood level (a, d), flood duration (b, e), and frequency (c,...Figure 9.5 Porewater biogeochemical characteristics in preserved, transition...Figure 9.6 Aboveground, root and soil organic carbon stocks at 30 cm depth i...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Location of the modern Yellow River Delta and boreholes in this ...Figure 10.2 Comprehensive geological columns of cores ZK1–ZK5.Figure 10.3 Variations of the parameters that characterize sediment carbon s...Figure 10.4 Accumulation rates of IC (ICAR) and OC (OCAR) in each sedimentar...Figure 10.5 Relationships between annual flux of sediment discharge and orga...