Chris Binns - Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

7 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 MFM image of 394 Gb/in2 disk.Magnetic force microscope (MF...Figure 6.2 Medium for HAMR.FePt nanoparticles with a size ~5 nm for use as ...Figure 6.3 Ordered array of FePt nanoparticles.AFM image of an ordered arra...Figure 6.4 Writing to CoPt nanoparticle array using MFM.An array of CoPt na...Figure 6.5 Array of 5 × 5 AFM cantilevers for parallel operation....Figure 6.6 Fluorescence from a bulk semiconductor.(a) An electron is promot...Figure 6.7 Fluorescence from CdSe quantum dots of different sizes.Change in...Figure 6.8 CdSe/ZnS core–shell quantum dot.Coating a CdSe quantum dot...Figure 6.9 Quantum dot solar cell.Typical device configuration for a quantu...Figure 6.10 Perovskite quantum dot solar cell.Record performance solar cell...Figure 6.11 Carbon nanoparticle solar cell.(a) Schematic of the device stru...Figure 6.12 Field‐Effect Transistor.Basic configuration of an FET. Wi...Figure 6.13 Moore's Law.Growth in the number of transistors per micropr...Figure 6.14 Coulomb blockade in a nanoparticle SET.(a) Schematic of a nanop...Figure 6.15 Fabrication of Au nanoparticle SET.(a) Drop of 20 nm Au nanopar...Figure 6.16 Coulomb blockade behavior in Au nanoparticle SET.(a) Current th...Figure 6.17 Current vs. bias voltage for a C60 SET.The top inset displays t...Figure 6.18 Tunneling combined with excitation of quantized oscillations in...Figure 6.19 Graphene–Porphyrin SET.(a) Porphyrin molecule used as the...Figure 6.20 Stability diagram of the porphyrin SET at 300 K.Two‐dimen...Figure 6.21 Synthesis of carbon nanotube SET.Stages in the construction of ...Figure 6.22 Construction of a carbon nanotube FET integrated circuit.(a) AF...

8 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Particle moving in a viscous fluid.For a particle moving in a vi...Figure 7.2 Relative sizes of water molecules and nanoparticle.10‐nm‐diamete...Figure 7.3 Random walk in three dimensions.(a) Example of a random walk on ...Figure 7.4 Fick’s law.The flux, J , through a plane perpendicular to a...Figure 7.5 Formation of EDL around nanoparticles in suspension.(a) charges ...Figure 7.6 Interactions between Au nanoparticles in water.(a) Interaction e...Figure 7.7 Interactions between maghemite nanoparticles in water.Interactio...Figure 7.8 Total interaction energy at high charge density.Total (Van der W...Figure 7.9 Steric repulsion of nanoparticles coated in polymers.The higher ...Figure 7.10 Synthesis methods for bulk nanobubbles.(a) Hydrodynamic cavitat...Figure 7.11 Nanobubbles produced by electrolysis of brine.(a) Nanobubble si...Figure 7.12 Measurement of the size distribution of nanobubbles and the Tynd...Figure 7.13 FF–TEM images of bulk nanobubbles.(a)–(c) FF–TEM images o...Figure 7.14 Zeta potential vs. gas type, pH, NaCl concentration and temperat...Figure 7.15 Tapping mode AFM images of surface nanobubbles on HOPG.(a) Typi...Figure 7.16 Nonintrusive optical imaging of surface nanobubbles.(a) Optical...Figure 7.17 Surface cleaning by nanobubbles.(a) Effect of exposure of a BSA...Figure 7.18 Promotion of plant growth by water containing nanobubbles.The g...Figure 7.19 Classical flow of fluid through a pipe.The velocity v y( z ) as a ...Figure 7.20 Manufacture of nanotube flow capillary.(a) Nanotube inserted in...Figure 7.21 Measured jet velocities and momentum fluxes through CNTs and BNN...Figure 7.22 Measured permeabilities and slip length as a function of radius...

9 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Generic types of nanovectors for diagnosis and treatment.(a) Ful...Figure 8.2 Size of nanoparticles used in medicine compared with biological a...Figure 8.3 Sizes of blood cells relative to nanoparticles.(a) Erythrocyte o...Figure 8.4 Types of core nanoparticles used in medical applications to scale...Figure 8.5 Traditional explanation of enhanced permeability and retention (E...Figure 8.6 Cell regions.Labeling of different portions of the internal regi...Figure 8.7 Structure of plasma membrane.(a) Phospholipid molecule. (b) Plas...Figure 8.8 Membrane proteins.The two basic types of membrane protein.Figure 8.9 Cell internal structure.The internal structure of a cell showing...Figure 8.10 Cytoskeleton.Structure of the cytoskeleton composed of three di...Figure 8.11 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).Microscope image of a group of sk...Figure 8.12 Localization of quantum dots in MSCs.Confocal microscope image ...Figure 8.13 Schematic image of an antibody showing the ‘socket set’ view of...Figure 8.14 Nucleobases and DNA.Left: The four nucleobases in DNA. Right: T...Figure 8.15 Targeting using aptamers.Image of three prostate cancer cells t...Figure 8.16 Dendritic nanovector.Computer model of the dendritic carbon nan...Figure 8.17 Magnetic vectoring.(a) Fe@Au core‐shell nanoparticle consisting...Figure 8.18 Nanoparticle hyperthermia of a tumor embedded in healthy tissue.Figure 8.19 Magforce nanoactivator.System for conducting hyperthermia, whic...Figure 8.20 Safe limits on the applied alternating magnetic field.Regions o...Figure 8.21 Heating mechanisms of magnetic nanoparticles.(a) Small nanopart...Figure 8.22 Calculations of SAR vs d0 parameter for magnetic nanoparticles....Figure 8.23 SAR vs. frequency for Fe@Fe oxide nanoparticles.(a) A typical F...Figure 8.24 Near‐infrared window of tissue.Absorption coefficient as ...Figure 8.25 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in a Au nanoparticle.Illustrati...Figure 8.26 Light extinction by a nanoparticle.After encountering a nanopar...Figure 8.27 Extinction by Au nanoparticles.Extinction efficiency of Au nano...Figure 8.28 Extinction vs. size for Au nanoparticles.Calculations of the ab...Figure 8.29 Extinction by core‐shell nanoparticles.Extinction vs. wav...Figure 8.30 Extinction by Au nanorods.(a) The wavelength of the SPR in Au n...Figure 8.31 Optical and structural properties of nanomatryoshkas and nanoshe...Figure 8.32 Infrared hyperthermia with carbon nanotubes.(a) Schematic of th...Figure 8.33 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).(a) MRI images using hydrogen ...Figure 8.34 MRI contrast enhancement by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanopar...Figure 8.35 MRI contrast enhancement by spinel ferrite nanoparticles.(a) TE...Figure 8.36 Relaxivity of high‐performance MRI contrast agents vs. d2 × Ms2....Figure 8.37 Development of MPI between 2005 and 2009.(a) Static image of Re...Figure 8.38 Operating principle of MPI.(a) Schematic of the geometry of the...Figure 8.39 State of the art in MPI.(a) Bruker MPI scanner for small animal...Figure 8.40 Identifying cervical epithelial cancer cells using Au nanopartic...Figure 8.41 Quantum dots for life science applications.(a) Schematic energy...Figure 8.42 Multiple color labeling by quantum dots.A single 3T3 cell label...Figure 8.43 In vivo imaging using NIR‐II QDs. (a) A time sequence of 1650 nm...Figure 8.44 Using bioluminescence to excite quantum dots in vivo. (a) Polyme...Figure 8.45 Delivery system for mRNA Covid 19 vaccine.The delivery system f...Figure 8.46 Mechanisms of toxicity of Ag nanoparticles to bacterial cells.T...Figure 8.47 Antiviral mechanisms of Ag nanoparticles.(a) Ag nanoparticles i...