Chris Binns - Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

4 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Carbon bonding in diamond and graphite.Illustration of bonding o... Figure 3.2 Graphene sheet.(a) A single hexagonal layer of carbon atoms (gra... Figure 3.3 First detection of C60.Time of flight mass spectrum of carbon cl... Figure 3.4 Structure of C60.The atomic structure of a C 60molecule or “buck... Figure 3.5 Euler’s theorem.Verification of Euler’s theorem for a cube... Figure 3.6 Direct imaging of the formation of C60 from giant fullerenes.Ser... Figure 3.7 Small fullerene structures. Structure of closed‐cage fullerene cl... Figure 3.8 Endohedral fullerene.Introducing metal atoms into the vapor in w... Figure 3.9 Endohedral fullerenes produced by implanting ions.Fullerenes can... Figure 3.10 Icosahedral structure of C540.The fullerene C 540, which corresp... Figure 3.11 Structure of C70.The structure of C 70consisting of 25 hexagona... Figure 3.12 C60 adsorbed on Si(100).STM image of C 60molecules adsorbed on ... Figure 3.13 Face‐centered cubic structure of C60 fullerite.(a) The un...Figure 3.14 Structure of C60 ‐ alkali metal fullerides.(a) Octahedral...Figure 3.15 First reported images of carbon nanotubes.Electron microscope i...Figure 3.16 Chirality of nanotubes.Starting with an infinite graphene sheet...Figure 3.17 System for specifying nanotube chiralities.(a) The tube is spec...Figure 3.18 Measuring the resistance of individual nanotubes.Schematic of e...Figure 3.19 Field emission from carbon nanotubes.(a) Schematic showing how ...Figure 3.20 Measurement of the tensile strength of individual SWNTs.(a) Ind...Figure 3.21 Testing of an individual MWNT for use as a “nano cheesewire.”...Figure 3.22 Definition of thermal conductivity.If a temperature gradient G ...Figure 3.23 Carbon nanohorns.(a) Morphology of nanoparticles formed by carb...Figure 3.24 Nanobuds and Peapods.(a) Nanobud structure (TEM image and schem...

5 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Dimensionality of materials.The dimensionality of a material is ...Figure 4.2 Quantum states of conduction electrons in a metal.(a) The states...Figure 4.3 Quantum states of electrons in an intrinsic and n‐doped semicondu...Figure 4.4 Quantum states a p‐doped semiconductor.(a) Inserting a tri...Figure 4.5 Electron charge distribution in graphene.(a) Three out of the fo...Figure 4.6 Valence and conduction bands of graphene.(a) Bandstructure of gr...Figure 4.7 Ambipolar effect in graphene.(a) Schematic of a graphene sheet p...Figure 4.8 Conductivity vs. gate voltage in a graphene FET.The conductivity...Figure 4.9 Definition of thermal conductivity in graphene.The thermal condu...Figure 4.10 Measurement of thermal conductivity of graphene by Raman spectro...Figure 4.11 Variation of graphene Raman G peak position with laser power.(a...Figure 4.12 Method for measuring the tensile strength of graphene.A graphen...Figure 4.13 Superstructures formed by stacking two graphene sheets at an ang...Figure 4.14 Superconducting transition temperature vs. twist angle.Variatio...Figure 4.15 Electrical properties of bilayer graphene at the magic angle as...Figure 4.16 Energy densities for various battery technologies.Plot of the v...Figure 4.17 Process for producing stable mesoporous graphene anodes.Startin...Figure 4.18 Storage capacity of mesoporous graphene anodes with cycle number...Figure 4.19 Synthesis of mesoporous graphene (graphene popcorn) using SiO2 n...Figure 4.20 Miniature accelerometer based on a graphene bilayer strip.(a) S...Figure 4.21 Process to produce controlled pores in graphene membrane.(a) Pr...

6 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Log‐normal size distribution.Distribution of particle diam...Figure 5.2 Schematic of nanoparticle beam source.Generic design of a nanopa...Figure 5.3 Schematics of the main types of source using supersaturated vapor...Figure 5.4 Basic structural arrangements of multi‐element nanoparticles....Figure 5.5 Multi‐element nanoparticle sources.(a) Sputter source that...Figure 5.6 Core@shell@shell Co@Ag@Au nanoparticles.(a) Representation of th...Figure 5.7 Sequential methods for producing core‐shell nanoparticles....Figure 5.8 Simple parallel‐plate electrostatic filter.(a) Simple para...Figure 5.9 Types of mass spectrometer used to mass filter nanoparticle beams...Figure 5.10 Mass spectra at high and low resolution.(a) High‐resolution TOF...Figure 5.11 Electronic shell filling and atomic packing origins of magic num...Figure 5.12 Aerodynamic lensing.(a) A series of axial restrictions in the g...Figure 5.13 Methods of production of nanoparticle aerosol.(a) Spark source ...Figure 5.14 Sizing and counting particles in aerosols.(a) DMA that determin...Figure 5.15 Chemical synthesis of FePt nanoparticles.The preparation of mon...Figure 5.16 Self‐ordered arrays of chemically produced FePt nanoparticles....Figure 5.17 Nanoparticle synthesis using dendrimers.(a) G5 PAMAM dendrimer....Figure 5.18 Gas‐phase synthesis of hydrosols.A multi‐element nanopart...Figure 5.19 Size distributions in hydrosols measured by PTA.(a) A NanosightFigure 5.20 Size distributions in hydrosols measured by DLS.(a) Basic setup...Figure 5.21 Some methods for graphene synthesis.(a) Mechanical exfoliation ...Figure 5.22 Methods for large‐scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes.(a)...Figure 5.23 Growth of vertically aligned nanotubes by PECVD.(a) Under the r...Figure 5.24 “Nanobamas.”The face of President Obama synthesized...Figure 5.25 Direct observation of SWNT growing from a metal catalyst nanopar...Figure 5.26 Mechanism of SWNT growth from a metal catalyst nanoparticle.(a)...Figure 5.27 Creating metal nanostructures on a Si surface using EBL.The bar...Figure 5.28 35 nm CoPt magnetic dots produced by EBL.SEM image of an ...Figure 5.29 Liquid metal ion source.(a) Formation of Taylor cone on applyin...Figure 5.30 Schematic of ion beam column.The LMIS and extractor provide the...Figure 5.31 Products of incident ion beam.When the energetic ions hit the s...Figure 5.32 Magnetic AND gate produced by FIB milling.Magnetic AND gate pat...Figure 5.33 Ion sputtering with precursor gases.(a) Chemically enhanced FIB...Figure 5.34 Comparison of milling and deposition using an FIB.SEM image of ...Figure 5.35 Four‐point probe conductivity measurement on single carbon nanot...Figure 5.36 SQUID with Josephson junctions formed by an SWNT.(a) Atomic for...Figure 5.37 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.(a) Schematic of a STM with an at...Figure 5.38 Atomic resolution STM images.(a) Si(111) surface showing (7 × 7...Figure 5.39 STM tunneling tips.(a) SEM image of an STM tip produced by elec...Figure 5.40 First demonstration of manipulating individual atoms using an ST...Figure 5.41 Mechanism for moving atoms with an STM.(a) Initially a scan is ...Figure 5.42 Quantum corrals assembled from Fe atoms on a Cu(111) surface.Di...Figure 5.43 C60 Abacus.C 60molecules manipulated using an STM on a stepped ...Figure 5.44 STS of C60 molecules adsorbed on Si(100) 2 × 1 surface....Figure 5.45 Atomic Force Microscopy.(a) A standard commercial cantilever is...Figure 5.46 Deflection of cantilever approaching surface.Schematic of canti...Figure 5.47 Atomic resolution noncontact AFM image of Si(111) 7 × 7 surface....Figure 5.48 MFM of a magnetic sample using lift mode.(a) MFM of a magnetic ...Figure 5.49 AFM of TrV capsids.(a) Topography of a TrV virus capsid in ECF,...Figure 5.50 Dip‐Pen Nanolithography.(a) Illustration of the basic met...Figure 5.51 Nanoarrays for the ultrasensitive detection of biological molecu...Figure 5.52 High‐resolution TEM image of a Au nanoparticle.Image of a...Figure 5.53 Optical and magnetic lenses.(a) Optical lens. (b) Magnetic lens...Figure 5.54 Lacy carbon TEM sample grid.(a) Standard 3 mm TEM sample grid n...Figure 5.55 Atomic‐scale elemental mapping by EDX.Chemical map of Sr ...