Politics of Disinformation

Edited byGuillermo López-García

University of Valencia Valencia, Spain

Dolors Palau-Sampio

University of Valencia Valencia, Spain

Bella Palomo

University of Málaga Málaga, Spain

Eva Campos-Domínguez

University of Valladolid Valladolid, Spain

Pere Masip

Blanquerna - Universitat Ramon Llull Barcelona, Spain

This edition first published 2021

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Guillermo López-García, 1976- editor. | Palau-Sampio, Dolors, 1974- editor. | Palomo, Bella, 1974- editor. | Campos Domínguez, Eva, 1977- editor. | Masip, Pere, 1968-2021 editor.

Title: Politics of disinformation : the influence of fake news on the public sphere / edited by Guillermo López-García, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain, Dolors Palau-Sampio, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain, Bella Palomo, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain, Eva Campos-Domínguez, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain, Pere Masip Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.

Description: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020058486 (print) | LCCN 2020058487 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119743231 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119743323 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119743316 (epub) | ISBN 9781119743347 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Communication in politics. | Fake news--Political aspects. | Social media--Corrupt practices.

Classification: LCC JA85 .P6545 2021 (print) | LCC JA85 (ebook) | DDC 320.01/4--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020058486LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020058487

Cover image: © Yeti studio/Shutterstock

Cover design by Wiley

Set in 9.5/12.5 STIXTwoText by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India

In memory of Pere Masip Masip (1968-2021)

1 Cover

2 Title page Politics of Disinformation The Influence of Fake News on the Public Sphere Edited byGuillermo López-García University of Valencia Valencia, Spain Dolors Palau-Sampio University of Valencia Valencia, Spain Bella Palomo University of Málaga Málaga, Spain Eva Campos-Domínguez University of Valladolid Valladolid, Spain Pere Masip Blanquerna - Universitat Ramon Llull Barcelona, Spain

3 Copyright

4 Dedication

5 Introduction

6 Part I Theoretical Approaches to Disinformation 1 Disinformation Matters: Analyzing the Academic Production 2 A Materialist Approach to Fake News 3 Using International Relations Theories to Understand Disinformation: Soft Power, Narrative Turns, and New Wars

7 Part II Disinformation in Politics 4 Do You Believe in Fake After All? WhatsApp Disinformation Campaign During the Brazilian 2018 Presidential Election 5 The Politics of Disinformation in Indonesia (2014–2019) 6 Ideology and Disinformation: How False News Stories Contributed to Brexit 7 Spanish Politicians Dealing with Fake News in the April 2019 General Election

8 Part III Fact-checking in Polítics 8 Checking Verifications: Focus and Scope of Collaborative Projects to Monitor Election Campaigns in France, Brazil, and Spain 9 Structures of Resistance: Citizen-generated Reporting in Times of Social Unrest 10 Robot Strategies for Combating Disinformation in Election Campaigns: A Fact-checking Response from Parties and Organizations 11 “That Prodigious Machinery Designed to Exclude” The Discourse of Post-truth in Algorithmic Culture

9 Part IV The Effects of Disinformation on Everyday Life 12 Teens, Social Media, and Fake News: A User’s Perspective 13 Understanding Which Factors Promote Exposure to Online Disinformation 14 Rumoring, Disinformation, and Contentious Politics in the Digital Age: The Case of China and Beyond

10 About the Authors

11 Index

12 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Evolution of the use of “disinformation,” “fake news...Figure 1.2 Research clusters concerning disinformation.14

2 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Veracity perception and level of professionalism ...Figure 4.2 Message–topic intersections. The plot consists of a matrix...Figure 4.3 Message–tone intersections. The plot consists of a matrix...Figure 4.4 Seven messages alleging misconduct during the PT ...Figure 4.5 A 19-minute video denouncing communist co-option of Brazilian youth...Figure 4.6 Short-form video (meme) that aggregates left-wing political ...Figure 4.7 During the first round, while former president Lula was still ...