Pablo Servigne - Mutual Aid

63 63. P. Descola, Beyond Nature and Culture, trans. J. Lloyd (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013).

64 64. That is to say, one centred on the genetic heritage of the ‘selfish’ individual essentially seeking to transmit its own genes.

65 65. The classic is R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016; first published in 1976).

66 66. Gould, Bully for Brontosaurus, especially the chapter ‘Kropotkin was no crackpot’.

67 67. W. C. Allee, Cooperation among Animals (New York: Henry Shuman, 1938).

68 68. L. A. Dugatkin, Cheating Monkeys and Citizen Bees: The Nature of Cooperation in Animals and Humans (New York: Free Press, 1999), p. 31.

69 69. J. T. Costa, ‘Scale models? What insect societies teach us about ourselves’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 146, 2002, pp. 170–80.

70 70. A. Gardner and K. R. Foster, ‘The evolution and ecology of cooperation: History and concepts’, in J. Korb and J. Heinze (eds), Ecology of Social Evolution (Berlin: Springer, 2008), pp. 1–36 (p. 2).

71 71. The details of this story are set out in the Appendix, below.

72 72. E. O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1975). Wilson also popularized the term ‘biodiversity’.

73 73. That is, the theory of kin selection.

74 74. With the exception of the ‘socioecology’ of Jean-Yves Gautier, of the University of Rennes, which remained very much a minority view. See J.-Y. Gautier, Socioécologie. L’animal social et son univers (Paris: Privat, 1983).

75 75. S. J. Gould, ‘Sociobiology: The art of storytelling’, New Scientist, 80, 1978, pp. 530–3.

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