Daniel Minoli - High-Density and De-Densified Smart Campus Communications

TABLE 1.4 Largest US Football Stadiums

TABLE 1.5 Top Convention Centers in the United States

Some events comprise both a set of lecture sessions and exhibit sessions. When lecture sessions are underway, the connectivity requirements (specifically, the traffic volume density) may be low or lower; however, when the sessions wrap up, there may be a pulse‐shaped traffic requirement where a large number of participants all want to make phone calls or access the Internet.

There are about 310 convention centers in the United States of various sizes, 50 of which have more than 200 000 ft 2of total space. See Table 1.5for the top 10 convention centers in the United States. For example, the largest US convention center is the McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois, with 9 million ft 2of space and 2.7 million ft 2of exhibition space. The exhibit space generally tends to be one‐half to one‐third of the total space.

Networks for public parks are typically designed around public safety and the availability of cellular service; first responder access is important (e.g. in the context of E911). For data and multimedia services, users will typically utilize their smartphones and 4G/LTE cellular connections; however, in some instances, Wi‐Fi is available, as in the latter case, and is employed to move users toward food and merchandize concessions, or for geo‐fencing applications. A target of one million connections per square kilometer (also definable as 1 connection per m 2or 1 connection every 10 ft 2) has been suggested by some researchers [2]. Open air gathering tends to be more “pop up” operations with short‐lived operational timeframes; however, the density could be high, even multiple individuals (say 2–3) every 10 ft 2. Requirements include high‐capacity data and video access, and perhaps video surveillance.

TABLE 1.6 Top Amusement Parks in the United States

A lower target seems appropriate for amusement parks, given that people go to these parks (usually with high entrance fees) for entertainment and less for spending time on personal communication devices. There are about 430 parks and amusement parks in the United States; Table 1.6identifies the 10 top parks.

Classrooms are in session only for certain hours of the day, of the week, of the seasons. Students may toggle between being online and listening to the teachers. In broad terms, a classroom (say of 40 × 40 ft and 32 students) would require one connection every 50 ft 2.

There were 132 853 K‐12 schools in the United States in 2015, according to data from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The average public school size is as follows: city: 591 students; suburban: 656 students; and rural: 358 students. Table 1.7depicts the enrolment in the top 10 districts in the United States.

TABLE 1.7 Enrolments at Largest US Districts

TABLE 1.8 Example of School Demographics (NYC)

A school may have a large number of classrooms, in addition to administrative offices. For example, New York City's Department of Education (DOE) is the largest school system in the United States, serving over 1.1 million children across 1800 schools with 140 000+ employees at 1300+ school buildings and 29 administrative sites across New York City. Many sites have multiple schools or administrative offices per building. While individual schools vary greatly in size, a standard set of LAN/WAN equipment, including switches, routers, servers, firewalls, and access points is deployed throughout individual school organizations and shared spaces. These networks provide e‐mail, administrative and instructional applications for both wired and wireless devices. Additionally, administrative networks are typically wired and are kept in separate VLANs from instructional networks. Table 1.8illustrates the approximate size and demographics for New York City DOE School buildings.