Change Detection and Image Time-Series Analysis 1

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Flowchart providing the steps involved in MDDM computation from wave...Figure 4.2. Block diagram representing the framework for the detection and analy...Figure 4.3. Illustration of a BDF-MDDM and its clean version (MDF-MDDM) when two...Figure 4.4. Second diagonal of the MDF-MDDM shown in Figure 4.3, highlighting th...Figure 4.5. MDF-MDDM computed at a large scale, approximately 200 square kilomet...Figure 4.6. Second diagonals of the MDF-MDDMs shown in Figure 4.5 when restricte...Figure 4.7. Framework for evolution clustering. Analysis 1 involves dissimilarit...Figure 4.8. Clusters of dynamics for the Chamonix-Mont Blanc site. Cyan square: ...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Location of the study areas. For a color version of this figure, see...Figure 5.2. Altitude–time diagrams of VH SAR backscatters from the ascending orb...Figure 5.3. (a) Time series of Sentinel-1 VH observations from the ascending orb...Figure 5.4. (a) Wet snow cover extent derived from Sentinel-1 descending/ascendi...Figure 5.5. Correlation matrix of observation time series computed from formula ...Figure 5.6. (a) Metrics computed over test area 3 near Maljasset station using O...Figure 5.7. (a) Same as Figure 5.6(a) but for test area 2 using October 17, 2017...Figure 5.8. Same as Figure 5.7(a) but using pixels for which the logarithm of th...Figure 5.9. Selection of metrics computed over test area 2 for ranges of altitud...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Cyclonic field model. The eyewall has a usual diameter of 30–60 km. ...Figure 6.2. Isaac hurricane images. Courtesy: @Nasa-Images, Geostationary Operat...Figure 6.3. Sample | textures reconstructed by forcing to zero SWT approximation...Figure 6.4. 2D DWPT PSD of for the sample images | given by Figure 6.2. The PSD ...Figure 6.5. Comparison of diagonal elements (isotropy concern) of 2D DWPT and SW...Figure 6.6. [Top]: an Isaac image and the corresponding eyewall; [Middle]: water...Figure 6.7. Color composition showing the initial and final states of Isaac cycl...Figure 6.8. Time series of fractal intensities computed from equation [6.11] o...Figure 6.9. ARFIMA (p, d, q)-based prediction on the fractal intensity time seri...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1. Illustration of the first iteration to calculate the first IMF using...Figure 7.2. Texture representation and discrimination using the local maximum an...Figure 7.3. Detection of local maximum pixels (in red) and local minimum pixels ...Figure 7.4. Appearance of local max and min keypoints on a sample SAR signal . Fo...Figure 7.5. Appearance of keypoints (red) extracted from a SAR image: (a) using ...Figure 7.6. Proposed framework for keypoint graph-based unsupervised change dete...Figure 7.7. Experimental study on Dataset 1. (a) Image before volcano eruption . ...Figure 7.8. ROC plots for change detection on Dataset 1. For a color version of ...Figure 7.9. Experimental study for Dataset 2. (a) ROI from the image acquired on...Figure 7.10. Zoomed in results for the Red and Green crops of Dataset 2 (Figure ...Figure 7.11. Comparison of the dense and pointwise (keypoint-based) LRD methods ...Figure 7.12. ROC plots for the proposed method within the variation of its param...Figure 7.13. Support neighborhood considered for measuring the change level at e...Figure 7.14. Outline of the proposed graph-based texture tracking for glacier fl...Figure 7.15. Studied area, a reference optical image and two input TerraSAR-X im...Figure 7.16. Glacier displacement result yielded by the proposed algorithm . Vect...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1. Flowchart of the large-scale monitoring algorithm for urban scenario...Figure 8.2. Building detection test area, Grosseto province, ≈4,500 km2. Sentine...Figure 8.3. True-color Sentinel-2 on the detail area highlighted in Figure 8.2: ...Figure 8.4. Close-ups of original (top) and multitemporally filtered (bottom) Se...Figure 8.5. Flowchart of the SAR processing block Figure 8.6. Multitemporally filtered Sentinel-1 SAR images: December 12 (top); D...Figure 8.7. Detail of the high-texture mask (in white) of the Sentinel-1 SAR bac...Figure 8.8. Kullback–Leibler divergence of each SAR acquisition with respect to ...Figure 8.9. Time evolution of the construction changes. The color bar indicates ...Figure 8.10. Flowchart of the OPTICAL processing block. For a color version of t...Figure 8.11. December 30 Sentinel-2 change map with respect to the first date. T...Figure 8.12. Flowchart of the combination layer. For a color version of this fig...Figure 8.13. Combined Sentinel-1/2 change map with respect to the first date. Th...Figure 8.14. Sentinel-2 close-ups of the commercial building (top) and the mall ...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1. A fire occurred in Sardinia Island (Italy) between August 7 and 9, 2...Figure 9.2. High-level scheme for the design and implementation of a change dete...Figure 9.3. Geometrical interpretation of the posterior probability that x origi...Figure 9.4. Example of statistical dependency of the difference image with respe...Figure 9.5. Illustration of the datasets analyzed in the experiments. The pictur...Figure 9.6. Session 1: Histograms of the magnitude of the difference image and p...Figure 9.7. Session 1: Change detection maps corresponding to: GG model (a,d,g),...Figure 9.8. Session 2: Histograms of the magnitude of the difference image and p...Figure 9.9. Session 2: Change detection maps corresponding to: rR model (a,d,g,j...

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1. Determination of the optimal segmentation scale based on GE analysis Table 1.2. Multiclass CD results obtained by the proposed and reference methods ... Table 1.3. Multiclass CD results obtained by the proposed and reference methods ...

2 Chapter 2Table 2.1. Table summarizing the p-values obtained, i.e. the probabilities of ge...Table 2.2. The average p-values used in determining points of change for a rye f...

3 Chapter 3Table 3.1. Description of SAR data Table 3.2. Summary of statistics with their respective properties Table 3.3. Probability of detection at a false alarm rate of 1% Table 3.4. Time consumption in seconds

4 Chapter 6Table 6.1. 2D SWT non-uniform PSD estimate γ for J = 3. The spectrum can be seen...

5 Chapter 7Table 7.1. Change detection performance on Dataset 1 ( Nc = 2,011 changed points,...Table 7.2. Comparison of computational complexity and detection performance from...

6 Chapter 8Table 8.1. Final building size estimation on detailed area

7 Chapter 9Table 9.1. Session 1: EM algorithm parameter estimation and data fitting evaluat...Table 9.2. Session 1: Performance of change detection based on the rR and GG mod...Table 9.3. Session 2: EM algorithm parameter estimation and iteration details fo...Table 9.4. Session 2: Performance of change detection based on the rR and rrR mo...

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2 Table of Contents

3 Title Page SCIENCES Image , Field Director – Laure Blanc-Feraud Remote Sensing Imagery , Subject Heads – Emmanuel Trouvé and Avik Bhattacharya

4 Copyright First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2021 The rights of Abdourrahmane M. Atto, Francesca Bovolo and Lorenzo Bruzzone to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2021941648 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78945-056-9 ERC code: PE1 Mathematics PE1_18 Scientific computing and data processing PE10 Earth System Science PE10_3 Climatology and climate change PE10_4 Terrestrial ecology, land cover change PE10_14 Earth observations from space/remote sensing