Ibrahima Sakho - Nuclear Physics 1

5 Appendix 2Table A2.1. Atomic masses of nuclides with atomic numbers Z = 1-14 Table A2.2. Atomic masses of nuclides with atomic numbers Z = 14-38 Table A2.3. Atomic masses of nuclides with atomic numbers Z = 38-64 Table A2.4. Atomic masses of nuclides with atomic numbers Z = 65-93

1 v

2 iii

3 iv

4 ix

5 x

6 xi

7 1

8 2

9 3

10 4

11 5

12 6

13 7

14 8

15 9

16 10

17 11

18 12

19 13

20 14

21 15

22 16

23 17

24 18

25 19

26 20

27 21

28 22

29 23

30 24

31 25

32 26

33 27

34 28

35 29

36 30

37 31

38 32

39 33

40 34

41 35

42 36

43 37

44 38

45 39

46 40

47 41

48 42

49 43

50 44

51 45

52 46

53 47

54 48

55 49

56 50

57 51

58 52

59 53

60 54

61 55

62 56

63 57

64 58

65 59

66 60

67 61

68 62

69 63

70 64

71 65

72 66

73 67

74 69

75 70

76 71

77 72

78 73

79 74

80 75

81 76

82 77

83 78

84 79

85 80

86 81

87 82

88 83

89 84

90 85

91 86

92 87

93 88

94 89

95 90

96 91

97 92

98 93

99 94

100 95

101 96

102 97

103 98

104 99

105 100

106 101

107 102

108 103

109 104

110 105

111 106

112 107

113 108

114 109

115 110

116 111

117 112

118 113

119 114

120 115

121 116

122 117

123 118

124 119

125 120

126 121

127 122

128 123

129 124

130 125

131 126

132 127

133 128

134 129

135 130

136 131

137 132

138 133

139 134

140 135

141 136

142 137

143 138

144 139

145 140

146 141

147 142

148 143

149 144

150 145

151 146

152 147

153 148

154 149

155 150

156 151

157 152

158 153

159 154

160 155

161 156

162 157

163 158

164 159

165 160

166 161

167 162

168 163

169 164

170 165

171 166

172 167

173 168

174 169

175 170

176 171

177 172

178 173

179 174

180 175

181 176

182 177

183 178

184 179

185 180

186 181

187 182

188 183

189 184

190 185

191 186

192 187

193 188

194 189

195 190

196 191

197 192

198 193

199 194

200 195

201 196

202 197

203 198

204 199

205 200

206 201

207 202

208 203

209 204

210 205

211 206

212 207

213 208

214 209

215 210

216 211

217 212

218 213

219 214

220 215

221 216

222 217

223 218

224 219

225 220

226 221

227 222

228 223

229 224

230 225

231 226

232 227

233 229

234 230

235 231

236 232

237 233

238 234

239 235

240 236

241 237

242 238

243 239

244 240

245 241

246 242

247 243

248 244

249 245

250 246

251 247

252 248

253 249

254 250

255 251

256 252

257 253

258 254

259 255

260 256

261 257

262 258

263 259

264 260

265 261

266 262

267 263

268 264

269 265

270 266

271 267

272 268

273 269

274 270

275 271

276 272

277 273

278 274

279 275

280 276

281 277

282 278

283 279

284 280

285 281

286 282

287 283

288 284

289 285

290 286

291 287

292 288

293 289

294 290

295 291

296 292

297 293

298 294

299 295

300 296

301 297

302 298

303 299

304 300

305 301

306 302

307 303

308 304

309 305

310 306

311 307

312 308

313 309

314 310

315 311

316 312

317 313

318 315

319 316

320 317

321 318

322 319

323 320

324 321

325 322

326 323

327 324

328 325

329 326

330 327

331 328

332 329

333 331

334 332

335 333

336 334

337 335

338 336

339 337

340 338

341 339

342 340

343 341

344 342

345 343

Ibrahima Sakho

First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd

27-37 St George’s Road

London SW19 4EU

UK

www.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

111 River Street

Hoboken, NJ 07030

USA

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2021

The rights of Ibrahima Sakho to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021945496

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-78630-641-8

Nuclear physics is devoted to the study of the properties of atomic nuclei. These properties relate to the internal structure of the nucleus which facilitate the understanding of the properties of nucleons (neutrons and protons), the mechanisms of nuclear reactions (spontaneous or induced), in order to describe the different processes of elastic and inelastic nucleus-nucleus interactions, the fields of application of nuclear physics and, finally, the impact of nuclear radiation on human health and the environment.

In general, nuclear physics is the physics of low energies, ranging from 250 eV to 10 GeV [SAO 04, GER 07, LAL 11]. The range of energies above 10 GeV [SAO 04, GER 07, LAL 11] relate to the physics of high energies whose purpose is to study the constituent particles of matter and the fundamental interactions between them. In this field, experimenters use particle accelerators that operate at very high energies or deliver very large beam intensities, thus allowing access to the fundamental laws of subatomic physics at very short distances. The most spectacular achievement to date is of course the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), launched in September 2008 at CERN.

Nuclear physics is an area that has experienced considerable growth since the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 by Henri Becquerel [HAL 11], well before the discovery of the atomic nucleus in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford [RUT 11]. Research in nuclear physics covers several topics ranging from subatomic particles to stars. It thus constitutes a fundamental component of physics, allowing the exploration of the infinitely large and the infinitely small [ARN 10]. In addition, nuclear physics makes it possible to understand many astrophysical phenomena such as nucleosynthesis processes (primordial, stellar and explosive) within the framework of the Big Bang model. The study of these processes allows us to understand the origin of chemical elements and to describe the evolution of supernova and neutron stars [SUR 98].