Elias B. Hanna - Practical Cardiovascular Medicine

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1 *Cold leads to vasoconstriction (afterload increase) and shivering, increasing O2 demands. The severity of angina is classified using the Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading (CCS). CCS IV is angina with minimal activities, CCS III is angina at a low level of activity, such as walking one flight of stairs or 1–2 flat blocks at a normal pace, CCS II is angina with walking more or at a faster pace, and does not usually occur daily, and CCS I is angina with strenuous lifting or running.

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