Johannes Karl Fink - Contact Lenses

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at Scrivener

Martin Scrivener ( martin@scrivenerpublishing.com) Phillip Carmical ( pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com)

Johannes Karl Fink

Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria

This edition first published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

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While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-85735-8

Cover image: Pixabay.com

Cover design by Russell Richardson

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This book focuses on the chemistry and properties of contact lenses and their fabrication methods.

The text starts with a chapter in which a detailed history of contact lenses spanning over almost 500 years is presented

Next, common materials that are used for the fabrication of contact lenses are listed and explained, including both the monomers and polymers that are used in their production. Special issues regarding soft lenses, clear contact lenses, and functional contact lenses are also discussed.

Functional contact lenses can be used for remote health monitoring and ocular drug delivery systems. Besides the materials used here, these issues are detailed in further separate chapters. Also, special fabrication methods are discussed, e.g., the fabrication of multifocal contact lenses and the fabrication of ultrathin coatings.

There is also an important discussion on additives that can be used, e.g., for oxygen-permeable materials or anti-biofouling materials.

The chapter ends with a discussion of simulation methods for contact lenes, such asocular topography parameters, gas-permeable lenses, and computerized videokeratography.

In the second chapter, several common fabrication methods for contact lenses are discussed. Here, computer-aided contact lens design, methods for the fabrication of colored contact lenses, and the fabrication of decentered contact lenses are detailed.

Also, special processes are reviewed, including mold processes, reactive ion etching, electrospinning and others.

Another chapter discusses the properties of contact lenses and methods of measurement. Here, a lot of standard methods are discussed. Besides standard methods, other issues are discussed such as the assessment of cytotoxic effects, the Schirmer tear test and others.

A chapter is devoted to drug delivery of contact lenses, a comparatively new issue.

Finally, a chapter details the possible medical problems related to contact lenses and how to avoid them. These are eye diseases, allergic and toxic reactions. Also, disinfection agents that can be used and methods for the medical treatment of such problems are detailed.

The text focuses on the literature of the past decade. Beyond education, this book will serve the needs of industry engineers and specialists who have only a passing knowledge of the plastics and composites industries but need to know more.

How to Use This Book

Utmost care has been taken to present reliable data. Because of the vast variety of material presented here, however, the text cannot be complete in all aspects, and it is recommended that the reader study the original literature for more complete information.

The reader should be aware that mostly US patents have been cited where available, but not the corresponding equivalent patents in other countries. For this reason, the author cannot assume responsibility for the completeness, validity or consequences of the use of the material presented herein. Every attempt has been made to identify trademarks; however, there were some that the author was unable to locate.

Index

There are three indices: an index of acronyms, an index ofchemicals, and a general index.