Advanced Healthcare Systems

This algorithm is used to predict the disease based on the maximum value between classes and that class will represent its disease or will be selected [19].

ML has contributed a considerable number of disciplines in recent years including healthcare, vision, and natural language processing. There are several machine learning approaches that are analyzed and used for the diagnosis of thyroid disease. The analysis shows that all the papers use different machine learning technologies and show different accuracy. In most research paper, it suggests that logistic regression and decision tree have obtained better accuracy than other algorithms, as shown in Figure 3.4.

Figure 3.4Analysis of machine learning approach on thyroid.

The prevalence of thyroid disease in the Earth is still worrisome today, which is seen as a major threat to human life and leading to increased research. Thyroid and thyroid cancers occur mostly in women with a ratio of 3:1 compared to men. Various machine learning approaches have been implemented to predict or detect thyroid disease so that treatment for it is less complex and will increase the patient’s chances of recovery. There is a need to develop machine learning algorithms to analyze the effects of thyroid and thyroid cancer which require the minimum parameters of an individual to detect the thyroid and keeps both the time and money of the patient.

1. Priyanka, A prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among young females of urban and rural population in and around Bangalore. Indian J. Appl. Res ., 9, 11, 37–38, November – 2019.

2. Chaubey, G., Bisen, D., Arjaria, S., Yadav, V., Thyroid Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning Approaches. Natl. Acad. Sci ., 44, 3, 233–238, 2020.

3. Ma, L., Ma, C., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Thyroid Diagnosis from SPECT Images Using Convolutional Neural Network with Optimization. Comput. Intell. Neurosci ., Article ID 6212759, 11 pages, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6212759, 2019.

4. Yadav, D.C. and Pal, S., Discovery of Hidden Pattern in Thyroid Disease by Machine Learning Algorithms. Indian J. Public Health Res. Dev ., 11, 1, 61–66, 2020.

5. Reverter, J.L., Rosas-Allende, I., Puig-Jove, C., Zafon, C., Megia, A., Castells, I., Pizarro, E., Puig-Domingo, M., Luisa Granada, M., Prognostic Significance of Thyroglobulin Antibodies in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. J. Thyroid Res ., Article ID 8312628, 6 pages, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8312628, 2020.

6. Thyroid cancer, Patient Care & Health Information Diseases & Conditions, 2020, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354161.

7. Beam, A.L., Big Data and Machine Learning in Healthcare, American Medical Association, 2018.

8. Jongboa, O.A., Development of an ensemble approach to chronic kidney disease diagnosis. Sci. Afr ., 8, 1–8, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00456.

9. Shailaja, K., Machine Learning in Healthcare: A Review. Proceedings of the 2nd International conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA 2018) IEEE Conference Record #42487 , IEEE Xplore.

10. Duggal, P., Prediction Of Thyroid Disorders Using Advanced Machine Learning Techniques. International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering .

11. Parry, B.L. and Kripke, D.F., Antidepressant and Stabilizing Effects of Thyroid Hormone Augmentation in Women’s Mood Disorders. JETR , 5, 3, 59–67, March 2020.

12. Pakdel, F. and Ghazavi, R., Effect of Selenium on Thyroid Disorders: Scientometric Analysis. Iran J. Public Health , 48, 3, 410–420, Mar 2019.

13. Mathew, I.E. and Mathew, A., Rising Thyroid Cancer Incidence in Southern India: An Epidemic of Overdiagnosis? J. Endocr. Soc ., 1, 5, 480–487, 2017.

14. Alhozali, A., Al-Ghamdi, A., Alahmadi, J., Pattern of Thyroid Cancer at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah: A 10-Year Retrospective Study. Open J. Endocr. Metab. Dis ., 6, 121–125, 2016.

15. Mofit Cancer Center, Cancer Types & Treatments, Can Hyperthyroidism Be a Thyroid Cancer Symptom? , 2018, https://moffitt.org/cancers/thyroid-cancer/faqs/can-hyperthyroidism-be-a-thyroid-cancer-symptom/

16. Mathew, I.E., Rising Thyroid Cancer Incidence in Southern India: An Epidemic of Over diagnosis? J. Endocr. Soc ., 1, 5, 480–487, May 2017.

17. Godara, S., Prediction of Thyroid Disease Using Machine Learning Techniques. Int. J. Electron. Eng ., 10, 2, 787–793, June 2018, www.csjournals.com.

18. Packt, Healthcare Analytics: Logistic Regression to Reduce Patient Readmissions, 2017, https://hub.packtpub.com/healthcare-analytics-logistic-regression-to-reduce-patient-readmissions/

19. Bohra, H., Health Prediction and Medical Diagnosis using Naive Bayes. Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Commun. Eng ., 6, 4, 32–35, April 2017.

20. Razia, S., Kumar, P.S., Rao, A.S., Machine learning techniques for thyroid disease diagnosis: A systematic review. Modern Approaches in Machine Learning and Cognitive Science: A Walkthrough , pp. 203–212, 2020.

1 *Corresponding author: shanu.verma56@gmail.com

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