Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry

13 Index

14 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 6 Table 6.1 Hydrological data gaps. Table 6.2 Rainfall data gaps. Table 6.3 Statistical segmentation of annual rainfall in the Ubangi basin at... Table 6.4 Statistical segmentation of the annual flows of the Ubangi River a...

2 Chapter 7 Table 7.1 Summary of available in situ rainfall observations in Cameroon fr... Table 7.2 Contingency table.

3 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Hydroclimatic characteristics in the basins controlated by its mai...Table 8.2 Hydro‐climatic characteristics by drainage system for common rainf...Table 8.3 Available Data: Monthly rainfall (R) and Daily Discharge (Q).Table S8.1 Table of Modules (in m 3/s) available at the five hydrological sta...Table 8.4 Synthesis of statistical results on multi‐year Rainfall (R) and D...

4 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Percentages (%) of observed variance explained by leading rainfall...

5 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Land use changes in the Qubangui and Middle Congo between 1992 an...Table 10.2 The results of streamflow calibration and validation.Table 10.3 Description of the SWAT parameters for the streamflow calibration...

6 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Drought categories of the SPEI according to Agnew (2000).Table 11.2 Statistical indicators of the Mann–Kendall and Sen’s Slope test f...Table 11.3 Percentage of months with negative anomalies in the moisture cont...Table 11.4 Trends of │( E – P ) < 0│ series over the CRB from each source betw...Table S11.1. Onset, termination, duration (in months), and severity of meteorolo...

7 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Statistics based on standard regression and dimensionless measure...Table 12.2 Parameter estimates for the wetland model application at three ga...

8 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Summary of temporal sampling rate for each floodplain.Table 13.2 Averaged annual cumulative fluxes over each region from year 2003...

9 Chapter 14Table 14.1 SWAT data inputs and observations data sets.Table 14.2 Areas and volumes defined for reservoirs in the SWAT model.Table 14.3 Performance evaluation criteria, as suggested by Moriasi et al. (...Table 14.4 Results of the performance evaluation statistics used in calibrat...Table 14.5 Parameters used to calibrate the model for the simulation period.Table 14.6 Characteristics of ENVISAT altimetry stations used in this study.Table 14.7 Annual water balance components for the simulation period 2000–20...Table 14.8 Comparison of historical flow with current simulationTable 14.9 Average monthly interannual simulated inflows and outflows in the...Table 14.10 Average monthly interannual change in storage expressed as flow ...

10 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Rating curve coefficients at the Sentinel3‐B VS (pass 541) obtai...Table S18.1 Quality indicators at each gauge considered in this chapter. Dr...Table S18.2 SeV values for rivers located in the Bateke Plateau and the Con...

11 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Categorization of drought from SAI.Table 19.2 Occurrence of wet and dry years in the ORB from 1940 to 1999.

12 Chapter 21Table 21.1 Planform change analysis results for each 10 km navigation dista...

13 Chapter 22Table 22.1 Comparison between five selected sites for possible location of ...Table 22.2 Data collected at Kutu‐Moke sampling station on the Kasai River.Table 22.3 Preliminary results of measurements at Kutu‐Moke sampling statio...Table 22.4 Physiochemical properties of materials transported by the Kasai ...

14 Chapter 23Table 23.1 ADCP cross sections and locations.Table 23.2 Technical specifications of the water level loggers and staff ga...Table 23.3 Location and structure types of the WLL implemented in the CRB.Table 23.4 Location and site characteristics of the sediment samples.Table 23.5 Results of the MBT carried out in the Ruki River.Table 23.6 Total Suspended solids (TSS) and organic matter (OM) results.

15 Chapter 24Table 24.1 Statistical and sampling adequacy characteristics of the selecte...Table 24.2 An excerpt attribute table for 1,740 units.Table 24.3 Matrix of R for the 11 groups identified in this study.Table 24.4 Summary description of the main characteristics of these 11 grou...

16 Chapter 25Table 25.1 Ubangui basin input data applied to the SWAT model.

17 Chapter 27Table 27.1 Population and infrastructures within the basin.Table 27.2 Population and infrastructures exposed to flooding in the Congo ...Table 27.3 Population exposed to flooding in the Congo River Basin.Table 27.4 Infrastructures exposed to flooding in the Congo River Basin.Table 27.5 Flood risk hotspots class.

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Map of the Congo Basin. See Alsdorf et al. (2016) for details. Cr... Photo 1.1 View of the Congo River and research boat in the Cuvette Centrale.... Photo 1.2 Several chapter authors have collected new measurements on Congo B... Photo 1.3 International collaborations are welcome in the Congo. Photo taken... Photo 1.4 Waterways are major transportation routes in the Congo. Photo is t... Photo 1.5 Rivers serve commerce at small scales such as this boat. See Photo... Photo 1.6 Rivers serve commerce at large scales such as this boat moving log... Photo 1.7 The Inga Dam. The Congo River is in the background. The canal in t...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Climatology of rainfall regimes from CHIRPS (Funk et al., 2015) a...

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Depiction of topography over the Congo Basin and surrounding regi... Figure 3.2 Schematic of the Congo Basin cell, the “pseudo” Central Africa ce... Figure 3.3 Vertical profiles of omega (hPa/s × 10 –2, negative values =... Figure 3.4 The African Easterly Jet‐South: mean wind (m/s) at 600 hPa during... Figure 3.5 Mean vertical motion (omega: hPa/s × 10 –2) in SON at 850 hP... Figure 3.6 Gauge network around the Congo Basin in four time periods (from N... Figure 3.7 Maps of rainfall (mm/mo) for March, based on nine satellite produ... Figure 3.8 Interannual variability of rainfall (mm/yr) over the central Cong... Figure 3.9 (a) Mean annual rainfall (mm) based on gauge data for the period ... Figure 3.10 Percent concentration of rainfall in the wettest quarter of the ... Figure 3.11 The seasonal cycle of rainfall, with bar graphs indicating mean ... Figure 3.12 Mean rainfall (mm/mo) for the driest three‐month season based on... Figure 3.13 Months of maximum rainfall (left) and minimum rainfall (right), ... Figure 3.14 The diurnal cycle of rainfall over the Congo Basin based on TRMM... Figure 3.15 Correlation of annual values of regional rainfall (delineated by... Figure 3.16 Inter‐station correlation during the period 1930 to 1989 as a fu... Figure 3.17 The coefficient of variation (standard deviation divided by the ... Figure 3.18 Location of six multi‐region sectors for which interannual varia... Figure 3.19 (a) Interannual variability of rainfall for three of the sectors... Figure 3.20 AMJ rainfall trends 1985 to 2012 for the individual regions in a... Figure 3.21 Spatial patterns of linear trend per decade (1985 to 2012) and r... Figure 3.22 Five‐year averages of (left) relative number of MCSs per year an... Figure 3.23 Five‐year averages of relative number of lightning flashes per y... Figure 3.24 Diurnal cycle of convection: annual average of the relative numb... Figure 3.25 Interannual variability of select characteristics of MCSs over t... Figure 3.26 Mean rainfall (mm/mo)over the Amazon based on TRMM 3B43 V7 for t... Figure 3.27 The diurnal cycle of rainfall over the Amazon, as in Figure 3.14...

4 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Topography (m) of the simulation domain (17.5°S–17.5°N, 30°W–80°E... Figure 4.2 Seasonal means of the surface air temperature (T2m °C) for the pe... Figure 4.3 Bias of mean seasonal surface air temperature (T2m °C) for the pe... Figure 4.4 Seasonal means of rainfall in mm/day for the period 2001–2006: GP... Figure 4.5 Seasonal mean biases of precipitation in mm/day for the period 20... Figure 4.6 Taylor diagrams for area‐averaged seasonal precipitation over Nor... Figure 4.7 Seasonal cycle of rainfall (a–d) and temperatures (e–h) in the fo... Figure 4.8 Spatial and seasonal distributions at 925 hPa of zonal wind in co... Figure 4.9 Spatial and seasonal distributions at 200 hPa of zonal wind in co...