Evelyne Clement - Cognitive Flexibility

1 Cover

2 Title Page SCIENCES Education and Training , Field Director – Jean-Marc Labat Cognition and Learning Processes , Subject Head – Emmanuel Sander

3 Copyright First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2022 The rights of Evelyne Clément to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2021946241 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78945-035-4 ERC code: SH4 The Human Mind and Its Complexity SH4_1 Cognitive basis of human development and education, developmental disorders; comparative cognition SH4_6 Learning, memory; cognition in ageing

4 Introduction

5 1 Measures of Flexibility 1.1. Introduction 1.1. Introduction In this chapter, we will focus on the measurement of cognitive flexibility. Without aiming to be exhaustive, we will attempt to review the various tools available to psychologists and/or researchers carrying out this measurement, but we will also present the usefulness of such a measurement. This chapter will therefore be organized into two parts corresponding, respectively, to the answers to the following two questions: Why measure flexibility? And how can we measure flexibility? 1.2. Why measure flexibility? 1.3. How can we measure flexibility? 1.4. Conclusion 1.5. References

6 2 Development of Cognitive Flexibility 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Main study paradigms and some developmental points of reference 2.3. How can we account for perseveration behaviors in the preschool years? 2.4. Beyond perseveration 2.5. Flexibility: a question of goal management 2.6. From imposed flexibility to self-regulated flexibility 2.7. Conclusion 2.8. References

7 3 Metacognition and Flexibility: What are the Theoretical Links and What Links have been Observed? 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Metacognition 3.3. Executive functions 3.4. The common features between metacognition and executive functions 3.5. Conclusion 3.6. References

8 4 Critical Thinking and Flexibility 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Characterizing critical thinking to foster its development 4.3. The critical mind, a flexible mind? 4.4. Developing critical thinking skills through multiple categorization 4.5. Conclusion 4.6. References

9 5 Successful Solution Discovery and Cognitive Flexibility 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Cognitive flexibility in problem solving 5.3. Flexibility, creativity and academic performance 5.4. Conclusion 5.5. References

10 6 Transfer of Learning and Flexibility in Childhood 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Transfer of learning: a developmental overview 6.3. Transfer and flexibility 6.4. Conclusion 6.5. References

11 7 Cognitive Flexibility and Analogy 7.1. Introduction 7.2. The role of prior knowledge in analogy 7.3. Cognitive flexibility as a key process in analogy-making 7.4. Conclusion 7.5. References

12 8 Context, Content Effects and Flexibility 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Context, concepts and flexibility 8.3. Representing situations and tasks 8.4. Semantic recoding and cognitive flexibility 8.5. Conclusion 8.6. References

13 List of Authors

14 Index

15 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1. The Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) task (from Zelazo et al. ... Figure 2.2. Preschool Attentional Switching Task (PAST) proposed by Chevalier an... Figure 2.3. Distribution of eye fixation patterns as a function of age and type ...

2 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Two representations of the two trains and bird problem

3 Chapter 7Figure 7.1. Experimental stimuli 1reproduced from Goswami and Brown (1990)

4 Chapter 8Figure 8.1. Initial state (a) and final state (b) of the candle problem. For a c...Figure 8.2. Complete (a) and truncated (b) problem space of the Tower of Hanoi p...

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1. Examples of flexibility tasks in direct measurement Table 1.2. Examples of indirect measures of flexibility

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents

3 Title Page SCIENCES Education and Training , Field Director – Jean-Marc Labat Cognition and Learning Processes , Subject Head – Emmanuel Sander

4 Copyright First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2022 The rights of Evelyne Clément to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2021946241 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78945-035-4 ERC code: SH4 The Human Mind and Its Complexity SH4_1 Cognitive basis of human development and education, developmental disorders; comparative cognition SH4_6 Learning, memory; cognition in ageing

5 Introduction

6 Begin Reading

7 List of Authors

8 Index

9 End User License Agreement

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