Daniel Royer - Elastic Waves in Solids 1

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Series Editors Pierre-Noël Favennec† and Frédérique de Fornel

Daniel Royer

Tony Valier-Brasier

First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd

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www.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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© ISTE Ltd 2022

The rights of Daniel Royer and Tony Valier-Brasier to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021951482

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-78630-814-6

This book follows two books co-authored with Eugène Dieulesaint devoted to Elastic Waves in Solids ; the first book is subtitled Free and Guided Propagation , and the second, Generation, Acousto-optic Interaction, Applications .

This book is also divided into two volumes. It is designed for students who are pursuing their masters in physics, mechanics or geophysics, as well as for other graduate students, PhD students, engineers, researchers and professors. The objective is to analyze the propagation, interactions and generation of elastic waves in a large variety of solid media and structures. Wherever possible, a common formalism has been used that is applicable to both bulk and surface waves, as well as to guided waves.

Elastic waves are vibrations that propagate in any medium: gaseous, liquid or solid. The term “elastic” is used to describe the mechanical behavior of the propagation medium. When the frequency of these waves is in the audible range (approximately between 20 Hz and 20 kHz), they are commonly called “acoustic waves” or “sound waves”; they are called infrasound or ultrasonic waves if their frequency is below or above this range. The term “acoustics” is often broadly used for anything related to matter waves, regardless of their frequency. Given the earlier specifications, this is not the most appropriate term; however, it has the advantage of defining a discipline, such as mechanics, optics, thermodynamics, and so on. Acoustics is often considered as the oldest of the physical sciences. A brief review of the historical evolution of this field and a summary of the applications of elastic waves are used to explain the contents of this book.

It was known since Poisson’s memoir, published in 1829, that longitudinal or transverse matter waves can propagate in the bulk of an isotropic, elastic solid. At the end of the 19th century, on the earliest seismic recordings, P wave trains (arriving first) and S (or secondary) wave trains were identified with the arrivals of bulk longitudinal waves (the fastest) and bulk transverse waves. A third, late echo was attributed to surface waves, discovered in 1885 by Lord Rayleigh. In the early 20th century, seismic waves were used to study the interior of the Earth and to determine its structure. Therefore, it is not surprising that most elastic waves were discovered by geophysicists and carry their names: Lamb, Love, Stoneley and Scholte waves.

Until 1915 and the research carried out by Paul Langevin and Constantin Chilowsky, earthquakes were the only means for generating these elastic waves, and this phenomenon was hard to reproduce and was quite destructive. However, experiments carried out at the École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI) in Paris, then in the Seine, and finally in Toulon demonstrated that the piezoelectric effect (discovered in 1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie) could generate ultrasound waves in water and detect the echo reflected by a target. For many decades, quartz was the only piezoelectric crystal used. Given its exceptional mechanical properties and thermal stability, it began to be used in the emerging field of telecommunications to stabilize and filter the frequency of broadcasting transmitters and receivers. The usage of quartz resonators spread after K.S. Van Dyke and D.W. Dye independently developed an equivalent circuit of a piezoelectric resonator.