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Craig Calhounis University Professor of Social Sciences at Arizona State University. He was previously Director of the London School of Economics, President of the Social Science Research Council, and a professor of sociology at NYU, Columbia, and UNC Chapel Hill. Calhoun’s newest book is Degenerations of Democracy (Harvard 2022) with Dilip Gaonkar and Charles Taylor.

Joseph Gerteisis Professor of Sociology and Co-Principal Investigator of the American Mosaic Project at the University of Minnesota. He is author of Class and the Color Line (Duke University Press). His work explores issues of race and ethnicity, social boundaries and identities, and political culture. It has appeared in The Sociological Quarterly, Sociological Forum , American Sociological Review , Social Problems , and elsewhere.

James Moodyis Professor of Sociology at Duke University and Director of the Duke Network Analysis Center. He has published extensively in the field of social networks, methods, and social theory with over 70 peer reviewed publications. His work focuses theoretically on the network foundations of social cohesion and diffusion, with a particular emphasis on building tools and methods for understanding dynamic social networks. He has used network models to help understand organizational performance, school racial segregation, adolescent health, disease spread, economic development, and the development of scientific disciplines.

Steven Pfaffis Professor of Sociology at the University of Washington. He is the author of Exit-Voice Dynamics and the Collapse of East Germany (Duke, 2006) and, with Mimi Goldman, The Spiritual Virtuoso (Bloomsbury, 200717), and with Michael Hechter, The Genesis of Rebellion (Cambridge, 2020). He has been awarded the Social Science History Association’s President’s Award and the best book award from the European Academy of Sociology.

Indermohan Virkis the Executive Director of the Patten Foundation and the Poynter Center for the Study of Ethics and American Institutions at Indiana University Bloomington, and she works in the Office of the Vice Provost for Faculty and Academic Affairs. She was previously a lecturer in the Department of Sociology at Indiana University.

The editors and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce the copyright material in this book.

Chapter 1

Thomas Hobbes, “Of the Natural Condition and the Commonwealth,” pp. 183–190, 199, 223, 227–231 from Leviathan , edited by C.B. Macpherson. London: Penguin, 1968.

Chapter 2

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, “Of the Social Contract,” Book I, from The Social Contract , 1762.

Chapter 3

Immanuel Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?” pp. 132–139 from The Philosophy of Kant , translated by Carl J. Friedrich. English translation © 1949 Penguin Random House LLC. Reproduced with permission of Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC.

Chapter 4

Adam Smith, “Of the Division of Labor,” from The Wealth of Nation s, 1776.

Chapter5

Alexis de Tocqueville, “Influence of Democracy on the Feelings of the Americans” from Democracy in America . New York: J. & H.G. Langley, 1840.

Chapter 6

Alexis de Tocqueville, from Democracy in America , Vol. 1 (Third American edition), translated by Henry Reeve. New York: George Aldard, 1839.

Chapter 7

Alexis de Tocqueville, pp. 690–695, 699, 701–702 from Democracy in America , edited by J.P Mayer and Max Lerner, translated by George Lawrence. English translation © 1965 Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. Reproduced with permission of HarperCollins Publishers.

Chapter 8

Harriet Martineau, Society in America , Vol. II. London: Saunders and Otley, 1837.

Chapter 9

Jane Addams, “A Belated Industry,” pp. 536–550 from American Journal of Sociology 1: 5 (1896). The University of Chicago Press.

Chapter 10

Karl Polyani, “Freedom in Complex Society,” pp. 257–261, 262–265, 266, 267, 268 from The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time . © 2001 Karl Polyani. Reproduced with permission of Beacon Press.

Chapter 11

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, pp. 41, 42, 46–47, 64–66 from The German Ideology , Part I, edited by C.J. Arthur. New York: International Publishers, 1996. English translation © 1947 International Publishers, Inc.; revised translation © 1970 Lawrence & Wishart. Reproduced with permission of International Publishers, Inc.

Chapter 12

Karl Marx, “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,” pp. 270–282 from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works , Vol. 3. New York: International Publishers, 1975. English translation © 1975 International Publishers, Inc. Reproduced with permission of International Publishers, Inc.

Chapter 13

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “Manifesto of The Communist Party,” pp. 481–482, 485–506 from Collected Works , Vol. 6. New York: International Publishers, 1975. English translation © 1975 International Publishers, Inc. Reproduced with permission of International Publishers, Inc.

Chapter 14

Karl Marx, “Wage-Labour and Capital,” pp. 249–250, 251–252, 255, 257–258, 258–259, 261–262, 263, 264, 265–266, 266–267, from Selected Writings , edited by David McLellan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977. This translation originally appeared in MESW , Vol. 1, pp. 79ff. (considerably modified). Reproduced with permission of Lawrence and Wishart Ltd.

Chapter 15