Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, Volume 2

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Scrivener Publishing

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Publishers at Scrivener

Martin Scrivener ( martin@scrivenerpublishing.com)

Phillip Carmical ( pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com)

Volume 2

Edited by

Nour Shafik El-Gendy

This edition first published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 9781119827511

Cover image: Pixabay.com

Cover design by Russell Richardson

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Environmental pollution comes from the introduction of pollutants whatever: foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants into nature which consequently negatively impact it and cause many adverse effects. There are many forms of pollution: air, soil, water, noise, visual, thermal, radioactive, litter, plastic, light and others. All such forms of pollution withdraw the accomplishment of the seventeen goals of sustainable development, negatively affect human health, ecosystem, and biodiversity and abolish life on earth. The worldwide increased inhabitants with the elevated industrial and agricultural activities come in parallel with the depletion of water and high quality energy resources. This book volume emphasizes on the three important forms of pollution; air, water and soil.

Air pollution occurs via natural and human-made (anthropogenic) sources, for example; sudden massive forests fires and open burning of agricultural wastes and municipal solid wastes in landfills, in addition also to the open burning of oil spills, all increase the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Besides, the decrease of high quality low sulfur content oil reserves forced oil industry to go to heavy crude oil with high sulfur, nitrogen, aromatics and asphaltene content. That led to an extra load during oil extraction and refining in addition to the production of transportation fuels with high sulfur and nitrogen contents which upon their combustion also increase the GHG emissions, particulate matters, aromatics, and sulfur and nitrogen oxides. All of these add to the problem of climate change, and cause what is called acid rains which adversely affect human health, ecosystem, life underneath water and on land, and cause soil erosion and deforestation. The increased strict environmental regulations for lowering sulfur content in the transportation fuels add to the overall expenses of oil refineries. That forced oil industries to search for alternative and/ or complementary sustainable, ecofriendly and cost-effective techniques for upgrading the quality of the oil fractions, products and transportation fuels.