Surya K. De - Fundamentals of Cancer Detection, Treatment, and Prevention
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- Название:Fundamentals of Cancer Detection, Treatment, and Prevention
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The professional guide to cancer diagnosis and therapy for researchers and clinicians Fundamentals of Cancer Detection, Treatment, and Prevention,
Fundamentals of Cancer Detection, Treatment, and Prevention
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List of Acronyms of Cancer Organizations
AACR:American Association for Cancer ResearchABPI:Association of the British Pharmaceutical IndustryABTA:American Brain Tumor AssociationACDM:Association for Clinical Data ManagementACRPI:Association of Clinical Research for the Pharmaceutical IndustryACS:American Cancer SocietyACS:American Chemical SocietyAIOM:Italian Association for Medical OncologyAJCC:American Joint Committee on CancerASCO:American Society of Clinical OncologyASH:American Society for HematologyASTRO:American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and OncologyBACR:British Association for Cancer ResearchBASO:British Association of Surgical OncologistsBMA:British Medical AssociationBNLI:British National Lymphoma InvestigationBOA:British Oncology AssociationBODMA:British Oncology Data Managers Association (UK)CALGB:Cancer and Leukemia Group B (USA)CCG:Children's Cancer Group (USA)CCRG:Children's Cancer Research Group (Oxford, UK)CCS:Canadian Cancer SocietyCOG:Children's Oncology Group (USA)COS:Canadian Oncology SocietyCRC:Cancer Research Campaign (UK)CSM:Committee on Safety of Medicines (UK)EACR:European Association for Cancer ResearchEANO:European Association for Neuro‐OncologyEBMT:European Group for Blood and Marrow TransplantationECOG:Eastern Cooperative Group (USA)EOI:European Osteosarcoma IntergroupEORTC:European Organization for Research and Treatment of CancerESO:European School of OncologyESTRO:European Society for Therapeutic Radiation and OncologyFDA:Food and Drug Administration (USA)FECS:Federation of European Cancer SocietiesGMC:General Medical Council (UK)GPOH:Gesellschaft fur Padiatrische Onkologie und Hamatologie (German Paed. Onc Group)IACR:International Association of Cancer RegistriesIARC:International Agency for Research on CancerIASLC:International Association for the Study of Lung CancerICARE:International Cancer Alliance for Research and Education (ICARE)ICCCPO:International Confederation of Childhood Cancer Parent OrganizationsICCG:International Collaborative Cancer GroupICCPO:Icelandic Childhood Cancer Parent OrganizationICH:International Conference on Harmonization (GCP)ICRF:Imperial Cancer Research Fund (UK)IESS:Intergroup Ewing's Sarcoma Study (USA)IMF:International Myeloma FoundationINFA:International Neurofibromatosis AssociationIPSO:International Society of Pediatric Surgical OncologyISNCC:International Society of Nurses in Cancer CareIWMF:International Waldenstrom's Maroglubulinemia FoundationLREC:Local Research Ethics Committee (UK)LRF:Leukemia Research Fund (UK)LRFA:Lymphoma Research Foundation of AmericaMCA:Medicines Control Agency (UK)MRC:Medical Research Council (UK)MREC:Multi‐center Research Ethics Committee (UK)NCCN:National Comprehensive Cancer NetworkNAACCR:North American Association of Central Cancer RegistriesNABCO:National Alliance of Breast Cancer OrganizationsNCCF:National Childhood Cancer Foundation (USA)NCI:National Cancer Institute (USA)NCIC:National Cancer Institute of CanadaNCRA:National Cancer Registrars Association (USA)NECCR:North of England Children's Cancer Research UnitNKCA:National Kidney Cancer Association (USA)NNFF:National Neurofibromatosis Foundation (USA)NORD:National Organization for Rare Disorders (USA)NRCT:National Registry of Childhood Tumors (UK)OECI:Organization of European Cancer InstitutesONS:Oncology Nursing Society (USA)PONF:Pediatric Oncology Nurses Forum (UK)SCTN:Scottish Cancer Therapy NetworkSEER:Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (USA)SFOP:French Pediatric Oncology SocietySGDM:Study Group on Data Management (EORTC)SGO:Society of Gynecologic OncologistsSIOP:International Society of Paediatric OncologySNLG:Scottish and Newcastle Lymphoma GroupSPOHNC:Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck CancerSWOG:Southwest Oncology Group (USA)UKCCCR:UK Coordinating Committee for Cancer ResearchUKCCRG:UK Children's Cancer Research Group (Oxford)WHO:World Health Organization
Common Medical and Prescription Abbreviations (Rx Terms)
| Abbreviation | Greek, Latin, or New Latin | Meaning in English |
|---|---|---|
| ā | Ante | Before (a with a bar over it) |
| aa | Ana | of each |
| AAA | apply to the affected area or abdominal aortic aneurysm | |
| a.c. | ante cibum | before meals |
| a.c.h.s., ac & hs | ante cibum et hora somni | before meals and at bedtime |
| a.d. | auris dextra | right ear |
| ad., add. | adde addatur | Add let there be added, upto |
| ad. | to; up to | |
| ad lib. | ad libitum | Freely, as much as desired |
| ad sat. | to saturation | |
| admov. | admove admoveatur | apply [or] add add; let there be added |
| ad us. | ad usum | according to custom |
| æq. | æquales | equal |
| agit. | agita | agitate (stir or shake) |
| alt. d., alt. dieb. | alternis diebus | every other day; on alternate days |
| alt. h., alt. hor. | alternis horis | every other hour; at alternate hours |
| a.m. (A.M.) | ante meridiem | morning, before noon |
| amp. | ampulla | ampule |
| amt | amount | |
| aq. | aqua | water |
| aq. bull. | aqua bulliens | boiling water |
| aq. com. | aqua communis | common water |
| aq. dest. | aqua destillata | distilled water |
| aq. ferv. | aqua fervens | hot water |
| a.l., a.s. | auris laeva, auris sinistra | left ear |
| ALT | alanine aminotransferase | |
| alt. | alternis | alternate |
| ant. | anterior | |
| ante | before | |
| ap | before dinner | |
| APAP | acetaminophen | |
| aPTT | activated partial thromboplastin | |
| ASA | aspirin | |
| AST | aspartate aminotransferase | |
| ATC | around the clock | |
| a.u. (A.U.) | auris utraque | each ear; both ears |
| BCP | birth control pills | |
| BDS, b.d.s. | bis die sumendum | twice daily |
| bib. | bibe | drink |
| bis | bis | twice |
| bid, BID, b.d. | bis in die | twice daily |
| bis ind. | bis indies | twice a day |
| bis in 7 d. | bis in septem diebus | twice a week |
| BM | bowel movement | |
| BMI | body mass index | |
| bol | bolus, short‐time infusion | |
| BP | blood pressure | |
| BS | blood sugar | |
| BSA | body surface area | |
| BPH | benign prostatic hypertrophy | |
| b.t. | bedtime |
| bucc. | bucca | buccal, inside check |
| cap., caps. | capsula | capsule |
| cap. | capiat | let the patient take |
| C.C. | chief complaint | |
| c/o | complaints of | |
| C&S | culture and sensitivity | |
| c.m. | cras mane | tomorrow morning |
| c.m.s. | cras mane sumendus | to be taken tomorrow morning |
| c&c.macr;, c. | cum | with (usually written with a bar on top of the “c”) |
| c.c. | cum cibo | with food [or] cubic centimeter |
| cf. | confer | compare |
| c.n. | cras nocte | tomorrow night |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft | |
| CAD | coronary artery disease | |
| cochl. | cochleare | spoonful |
| cochl. ampl. | cochleare amplum | an ample spoonful (a tablespoonful) |
| cochl. infant. | cochleare infantis | a small spoonful (a teaspoonful) |
| cochl. mag. | cochleare magnum | a large spoonful (a tablespoonful) |
| cochl. mod. | cochleare modicum | a modest spoonful (a dessert‐spoonful) |
| cochl. parv. | cochleare parvum | a scant spoonful (a teaspoonful) |
| colet. | coletur | let it be strained |
| comp. | compositus | compound |
| contin. | continuetur | let it be continued |
| cpt. | capiat | let the patient take |
| cr., crm | cream | |
| CST | continue same treatment | |
| cuj. | cujus | of which |
| c.v. | cras vespere | tomorrow evening |
| cyath. | cyathus | a glassful |
| cyath. vinos. | cyathus vinosus | a wine‐glassful |
| CBC | complete blood count | |
| CD | controlled delivery | |
| CF | cystic fibrosis | |
| CR | controlled‐release |
| CV | cardiovascular | |
| CXR | chest X‐ray | |
| D, d. | die [or] dosis | days [or] doses |
| D5LR | dextrose 5% in lactated Ringer's solution (intravenous sugar solution) | |
| D5W, D5W | dextrose 5% in water (intravenous sugar solution) | |
| D5/0.9 NaCl | 5% dextrose and normal saline solution (0.9% NaCl) | |
| D5 1/2/NS | 5% dextrose and half normal saline solution (0.45% NaCl) | |
| D5NS | dextrose 5% in normal saline (0.9%) (intravenous sugar solution) | |
| D10W, D10W | dextrose 10% in water (intravenous sugar solution) | |
| da | da | give |
| DAW | dispense as written (i.e. no generic substitution) | |
| D/C, dc, disc. | discontinue or discharge | |
| decoct. | decoctum | decoction |
| det. | detur | let it be given |
| dieb. alt. | diebus alternis | every other day; on alternate days |
| dil. | dilute | |
| dim. | dimidius | one‐half |
| d. in p. æ. | divide in partes æquales | divide into equal parts |
| div. | divide | divide |
| d.t.d. | dentur tales doses | give of such doses |
| dL | deciliter | |
| DS | double strength | |
| DBP | diastolic blood pressure | |
| DKA | diabetic ketoacidosis | |
| DM | diabetes mellitus | |
| DO | Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine | |
| DOB | date of birth | |
| DPT | diphtheria‐pertussis‐tetanus | |
| DR | delayed‐release | |
| DVT | deep vein thrombosis | |
| DTO | deodorized tincture of opium |
| DW | distilled water or dextrose in water | |
| elix. | elixir | elixir |
| e.m.p. | ex modo prescripto | as directed (in the manner prescribed) |
| emuls. | emulsum | emulsion |
| et | et | and |
| EOD | every other day | |
| ex aq. | ex aqua | in water; with water |
| exhib. | exhibiatur | let it be given |
| EC | enteric‐coated | |
| EENT | eye, ear, nose, and throat | |
| emuls. | emulsion | |
| ER | extended‐release | |
| ER | emergency room | |
| f. | fiat | make; let it be made |
| F | Fahrenheit | |
| f or F | female | |
| f.h. | fiat haustus | make a draught |
| fl., fld. | fluidus | fluid (liquid) |
| f.m. | fiat mistura | make a mixture |
| f. pil. | fiat pilula | make a pill |
| f.s.a. | fiat secundum artem | make according to art |
| ft. | fiat | make; let it be made |
| FBS | fasting blood sugar | |
| Fe | iron | |
| FFP | fresh frozen plasma | |
| ft | foot | |
| g, gm | gram | |
| garg. | gargarisma | gargle |
| gr. | granum | grain |
| gtt(s) | gutta(e) | drop(s) |
| gutt. | gutta(e) | drop(s) |
| guttat. | drop by drop | |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease | |
| GI | gastrointestinal | |
| GTT | glucose tolerance test | |
| GU | genitourinary |
| H | hypodermic | |
| h, hr, hor. | hora | hour |
| habt. | habeat | let him have |
| h/o | history of | |
| hor. alt. | hora alternis | every other hour |
| hor. decub. | hora decubitus | at bedtime |
| hor. intermed. | horis intermediis | at intermediate hours |
| hor. tert. | horis tertiis | every third hour |
| h.s. | hora somni | at bedtime or half‐strength |
| H&H | hematocrit and hemoglobin | |
| H 2 | histamine 2 | |
| HAART | highly active antiretroviral therapy | |
| HCT, or Hct | hematocrit | |
| HCT | hydrocortisone | |
| HCTZ | hydrochlorothiazide | |
| HR | heart rate | |
| HS | half‐strength | |
| HTN | hypertension | |
| hx | history | |
| IBW | ideal body weight | |
| ID | intradermal | |
| IJ, inj. | injectio | injection |
| i.m., IM | intramuscular | |
| IN | intranasal | |
| ind. | indies | daily |
| inf. | infusum | infusion (extraction)/intravenous infusion |
| i | unus tabuletta | one tablet |
| ii | duo tabuletta | two tablets |
| iii | tres tabuletta | three tablets |
| IO | intraosseous | |
| IP | intraperitoneal | |
| IR | immediate‐release | |
| IT | intrathecal | |
| IU | international unit | |
| IUD | intrauterine device | |
| i.v., IV | intravenous | |
| i.v.p., IVP | intravenous push |
| IVPB | intravenous piggyback | |
| kg | kilogram | |
| L | liter | |
| LA | long‐acting | |
| lab | laboratory | |
| lb. | libra | pound |
| LAS | label as such | |
| lat. dol. | lateri dolenti | to the painful side |
| l.c.d. | liquor carbonis detergens | coal tar solution |
| lin | linimentum | liniment |
| lot. | lotio | lotion |
| liq. | liquor | liquid (solution) |
| LMP | last menstrual period | |
| LPN | licensed practical nurse | |
| LR | lactated ringer (solution) | |
| M., m. | misce | mix |
| mane | mane | in the morning |
| max. | maximum | maximum |
| mcg | microgram | |
| MD | medical doctor | |
| mdi | metered‐dose inhaler | |
| m.d.u. | more dicto utendus | to be used as directed |
| mEq | milliequivalent | |
| mEq/L | milliequivalent per liter | |
| mg | milligram | |
| mg/dl | milligrams per deciliter | |
| MgSO 4 | magnesium sulfate | |
| mL | milliliter | |
| mm | millimeter | |
| MM or M | million | |
| mm of Hg | millimeters of mercury | |
| mMol | millimole | |
| MMR | measle‐mumps‐rubella (vaccine) | |
| mol wt | molecular weight | |
| MR | modified‐release | |
| MS | morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate |
| MSO 4 | morphine sulfate | |
| midi | at midday | |
| min. | minimum [or] minim [or] minutum | minimum [or] minim [or] minute |
| mist. | mistura | mixture |
| mit., mitt. | mitte | number of tablets provided |
| mod. præscript. | modo præscripto | in the manner directed |
| nebul, neb. | nebula | a spray |
| NMT | not more than | |
| n or noct. | nocte | at night |
| non rep. | non repetatur | no repeats (no refills) |
| NPO, n.p.o. | nil per os | nothing by mouth |
| N/A | not applicable | |
| NAS | intranasal | |
| NDC | National Drug Code | |
| NGT | nasogastric tube | |
| NKA | no known allergies | |
| NKDA | no known drug allergies | |
| noct. maneq. | night and morning | |
| NP | nurse practitioner | |
| NS | normal saline (0.9%) | |
| 1/2NS | half‐normal saline (0.45%) | |
| NTE | not to exceed | |
| NSAID | nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug | |
| o 2, o2 | both eyes | |
| O 2 | oxygen | |
| OC | oral contraceptive | |
| o.d. | omni die | every day (once daily) |
| o.d. | oculus dexter | right eye |
| OJ | orange juice | |
| o.m. | omni mane | every morning |
| OM | otitis media | |
| omn. bih | omni bihora | every two hours |
| omn. hor. | omni hora | every hour |
| o.n. | omni nocte | every night |
| OPD | once per day | |
| o.s. | oculus sinister | left eye |
| o.u. | oculus uterque | both eyes |
| OTC | over‐the‐counter | |
| oz | ounce | |
| p. | perstetur | continue |
 |
after | |
| part. æq. | partes æquales | equal parts |
| per | per | by or through |
| p.c. | post cibum | after meals |
| p.c.h.s., pc & hs | post cibum et hora somni | after meals and at bedtime |
| Ph.Br., BP | Pharmacopoeia Britannica | British Pharmacopoeia |
| Ph.Eur. | Pharmacopoeia Europaea | European Pharmacopoeia |
| Ph.Int. | Pharmacopoeia Internationalis | International Pharmacopoeia |
| pig./pigm. | pigmentum | paint |
| p.m. | post meridiem | evening or afternoon |
| p.o. | per os | by mouth or orally |
| ppt. | præparata | prepared |
| p.r., PR | per rectum | rectally |
| p.r.n., PRN | pro re nata | as needed |
| pt. | perstetur | continue |
| pulv. | pulvis | powder |
| p. v., PV | per vaginam | vaginally |
| PA | physician assistant | |
| PCA | patient‐controlled analgesia | |
| PE | physical exam, pulmonary embolism | |
| per neb | by nebulizer | |
| PFT | pulmonary function tests | |
| PharmD | Doctor of Pharmacy | |
| PMH | past medical history | |
| PT | prothrombin time | |
| PTT | partial thromboplastin time | |
| q | quaque | every, per |
| q.1 h, q.1° | quaque 1 hora | every one hour |
| q12h | every 12 hours | |
| q2h | every two hours | |
| q3h | every three hours | |
| q4h | every four hours | |
| q6h | every six hours |
| q4PM | at 4 pm (can replace “4” with other numbers) | |
| q.a.d. | quaque alternis die | every other day |
| q.a.m. | quaque die ante meridiem | every morning (every day before noon) |
| q.d./q.1.d. | quaque die | every day |
| q.d.a.m. | quaque die ante meridiem | once daily in the morning |
| q.d.p.m. | quaque die post meridiem | once daily in the evening |
| q.d.s. | quater die sumendus | four times a day |
| q.p.m. | quaque die post meridiem | every evening (every day after noon) |
| q.h. | quaque hora | every hour |
| q.h.s. | quaque hora somni | every night at bedtime |
| q.i.d. | quater in die | four times a day |
| q.l. | quantum libet | as much as is requisite |
| q.q. | quaque | each |
| q.q.h. | quater quaque hora | every four hours |
| q.s. | quantum sufficiat | a sufficient quantity |
| q.s.a.d. | add up to | |
| qn | nightly or at bedtime | |
| q.v. | quantum volueris | at will |
| QWK | every week | |
| qod, QOD, q.o.d. | every other day | |
| RA | rheumatoid arthritis | |
| RDA | recommended daily allowances | |
| rep., rept. | repetatur | repeats |
| RE | right eye | |
| RN | registered nurse | |
| RL, R/L | Ringer's lactate | |
| Rx, R x, RX, ℞, Rp | recipe | medical prescription or prescription drug |
| RPh | registered pharmacist | |
| s. | signa | write |
 |
sine | without |
| s.a. | secundum artem | according to the art (best practice) |
| SC | subcutaneous | |
| sem. | semen | seed |
| s.i.d. | semel in die | once a day |
| sig. | signa, signetur | write (write on the label) |
| sing. | singulorum | of each |
| sig codes | medical or prescription abbreviations | |
| SL, s.l. | sub lingua | sublingually, under the tongue |
| SOB | shortness of breath | |
| sol. | solutio | solution |
| s.o.s., si op. sit | si opus sit | if there is a need |
| s.s., SS | semisse | one‐half [or] sliding scale |
| SSI | sliding scale insulin | |
| SSRI | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor [or] sliding scale regular insulin | |
| st. | stet | let it stand |
| stat | statim | immediately |
| SBP | systolic blood pressure | |
| sum. | sumat [or] sumendum | let him take [or] let it be taken |
| supf. | superficial | |
| supp. | suppositorium | suppository |
| susp. | suspensio | suspension |
| syr. | syrupus | syrup |
| sp gr | specific gravity | |
| SR | sustained release | |
| STD | sexually transmitted diseases | |
| T | temperature | |
| tab. | Tabella | tablet |
| tal., t. | talus | such |
| tbsp. | tablespoon | |
| t.d.s., TDS | ter die sumendum | three times a day |
| t.i.d., t.d. | ter in die | three times a day |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack | |
| tid ac | three times a day before meals | |
| TIN, t.i.n. | three times a night | |
| t.i.w. | three times a week | |
| top. | topical | |
| TPN | total parenteral nutrition | |
| tr, tinc., tinct. | tinctura | tincture |
| trit. | triturate | grind to a powder |
| troch. | trochiscus | lozenge |
| tsp | teaspoon | |
| TO | telephone order | |
| TR | timed‐release | |
| TSH | thyroid‐stimulating hormone | |
| Tx | treatment | |
| U or u | unit | |
| UA | urinalysis | |
| u.d., ut. dict. | as directed | |
| ung. | unguentum | ointment |
| USP | United States Pharmacopeia | |
| UTI | urinary tract infection | |
| vag. | vagine | vaginally |
| vag, p. v. | via the vagina | |
| VLDL | very low‐density lipoprotein | |
| vol % | volume percent | |
| vol. | volume | |
| w | with | |
| w/a | while awake | |
| w/f | with food (with meals) | |
| w/o | without | |
| w/v | weight in volume | |
| WBC | white blood cell | |
| WNL | within normal limits | |
| wt. | weight | |
| x | multiplied by | |
| XL | extended‐release | |
| YO, y.o. | years old | |
| yr | year | |
| μEq | microequivalent | |
| μg, mcg | microgram | |
| μL | microliter | |
| @ | at | |
| > | greater than | |
| < | less than |
| ℔ | libra | pound |
| ℥ | uncia | ounce |
| &ip.ezh; | drachma | dram (drachm) |
| ℈ | scrupulus | scruple |
| ° | hour |
The list is for educational purposes only, currently discouraging practices.
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