46 Wells, D.L. (2019). The state of research on human–animal relations: Implications for human health. Anthrozoös 32 (2): 169–181.
47 White, S.C., Jefferson, E., and Levy, J.K. (2010). Impact of publicly sponsored neutering programs on animal population dynamics at animal shelters: The New Hampshire and Austin experiences. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 13 (3): 191–212.
48 White, S.C., Scarlett, J.M., and Levy, J.K. (2018). Characteristics of clients and animals served by high‐volume, stationary, nonprofit spay‐neuter clinics. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 253 (6): 737–745.
Category |
Program type |
Benefits/Impact * |
Resources needed |
To the pet |
To the owner |
To the community |
To the organization |
Basic needs |
Food banks |
Address basic nutritional needs |
Reduce food insecurity |
Collaborative programs offer a One Health approach to meeting basic needs |
Opportunity for collaboration with key community stakeholders |
Minimal investment in time and resources, particularly if donated food is used |
Pet‐friendly housing support |
Addresses basic sheltering needs |
Reduces housing insecurity |
Collaborative programs create partnership with attorneys, human social services, and housing organizations |
Opportunity for collaboration with key community stakeholders |
Minimal resources to develop and maintain a database; more resources needed for advocacy |
Rehoming advice and resources |
Avoid sheltering |
Ideally ease the rehoming process and enhance communication with the new owner |
Facilitate community member connections to address the need for rehoming |
Place the onus for rehoming on the pet owner when feasible |
Minimal |
Lost‐and‐found programs |
Avoid the negative sequelae of roaming at‐large |
Reduce/prevent the emotional impact of losing a pet |
Reduce the nuisance or dangerous behaviors related to stray pets |
Often required for municipal organizations; touchpoint with the community to provide access to other services |
Moderate to significant use of time but often within normal scope of responsibilities |
Temporary sheltering |
Prevents permanent rehoming |
Maintains the human‐animal bond at a time of critical need |
Removes a barrier for those in crisis to seek help for themselves |
Opportunity for collaboration through programs that are often very well received by the organization’s supporters |
Moderate investment in time and resources to manage program and provide care |
Humane education |
Potential for improved welfare |
Increases knowledge regarding pet care and may improve children’s emotional well‐being |
May enhance empathy and correlate with other positive behaviors in children |
Strengthens ties to the community; provides potential for revenue through classes, parties, and camps |
Variable based on the scope of the program |
Veterinary care |
Spay‐neuter services |
Health benefits of sterilization |
Avoidance of unwanted litters and problematic pet behaviors associated with a sexually intact status |
Reduced pet overpopulation and reduced free‐roaming pets |
Potential for outreach and collaboration with the local veterinary community |
Significant financial and staffing resources typically necessary |
Access to basic veterinary care |
Health benefits of preventive health care and other primary veterinary care |
Enhances the human‐animal bond by preventing unmanaged medical concerns |
Can be partnered with human health initiatives for a One Health community approach |
Potential for strategic partnerships with human health agencies and/or private practitioners |
Varies based on model but typically requires a moderate to significant resource investment as for spay‐neuter services |
Return‐to‐field programs |
Health benefits of sterilization and vaccination |
If a caretaker is present, help to reduce colony size and improve colony health |
Reduce the free‐roaming cat population |
Reduce euthanasia of healthy cats and foster collaboration with the community in trapping and caring for these cats |
Require the resources to manage the program and provide sterilization services (but may be outweighed by reduced resources for sheltering and euthanasia) |
Behavioral care |
Behavior resources |
Improved behavioral health |
Increased knowledge regarding pet care |
May reduce nuisance or dangerous pet behaviors |
Enhance the knowledge base of clientele |
Minimal resources to collate information and review the information with clients |
Training classes |
Improved behavioral health |
Increased training knowledge, an opportunity for socialization of the pet, and an opportunity for a relationship with a trainer and other pet owners |
May reduce nuisance or dangerous pet behaviors |
Strengthen organizational ties with adopters and potential for collaboration with local training services |
Moderate to significant resource investment, particularly if combined with outreach |
Behavior hotlines |
Improved behavioral health |
Increased individualized knowledge regarding pet care |
May reduce nuisance or dangerous pet behaviors |
Strengthen organizational ties with adopters and the community |
Minimal to modest resource investment dependent on program structure and expert support |
|
Behavior consultations |
Improved behavioral health |
Increased individualized knowledge and support in addressing pet behavior concerns |
May reduce nuisance or dangerous pet behaviors |
Strengthen organizational ties with adopters and potential for collaboration with local trainers |
Significant resource investment dependent on program structure and scope |
*The desired impact of all safety net programs is to prevent unnecessary companion animal relinquishment. Only benefits more specific to the individual programs are described.
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