Derek Offord - Using Russian - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

9.7.4

Formation of past active participles

Past active participles may be formed from verbs of either aspect. They are formed in the following ways:

(a)

in most verbs the final -л of the masculine form of the past tense is replaced with - вший, e.g.

покупa´ть (покупa´/л)

покупa´вший, who was buying

пeть (пe/л)

пe´вший, who was singing

купи´ть (купи´/л)

купи´вший, who bought

329

9

Inflection

зaкры´ть (зaкры´/л)

зaкры´вший, who closed

объясня´ть (объясня´/л)

объясня´вший, who was explaining

(b)

verbs whose masculine past-tense form ends in a consonant other than л form their past active participle by adding - шийto that consonant, e.g.

нeсти´ (нёс)

нёсший, who was carrying

мочь (мог)

мо´гший, who was able

умeрe´ть (у´мeр)

умe´рший, who died

дости´гнуть (дости´г)

дости´гший, who attained

(c)

verbs in - сти´which have a present-/future-tense stem in доr тretain this consonant and add - ший, e.g.

вeсти´

вe´дший, who was leading

изобрeсти´

изобрe´тший, who invented

Note 1

Similarly идти´ (шëл) → шe´дший, who was going.

2

Many participles of this type, whilst theoretically possible, are rarely encountered in modern Russian.

r Past active participles decline like adjectives of the type хоро´ший

(9.3.1). The reflexive particle - ся, when it occurs in such participles, is not contracted to -сь after vowels (e.g. m/n gen sg

интeрeсовa´вшeго ся).

9.7.5

Formation of present passive participles

Present passive participles may as a rule be formed only from verbs

which are imperfective and transitive (e.g. открывa´ть). They therefore may not be formed from verbs which are perfective (e.g. откры´ть) or intransitive (e.g. стоя´ть). Nor can they be formed from reflexive verbs (e.g. смeя´ться), since these verbs are intransitive.

Present passive participles are formed by adding - ыйto the first person plural of imperfective verbs. They decline like adjectives of the type но´вый (see 9.3.1), e.g.

рaссмa´тривaть

рaссмa´тривaeмый, being examined

оргaнизовa´ть

оргaнизуéмый, being organised

Note 1

1B verbs in - aвa´тьdo not form their present passive participles in the normal way. Instead they have forms in - aвaéмый, e.g. дaвa´ть → дaвaéмый, being given.

2

A few verbs with first person plural in -ём have a participle in - о´мый, e.g.

вeсти´ → вeдо´мый, being led ; such forms are rarely used.

3

Many imperfective transitive verbs have no present passive participle, e.g.

брaть, клaсть, пeть, писa´ть, monosyllables in - ить(see 9.6.5).

9.7.6

Formation of past passive participles

As a rule past passive participles may be formed only from verbs which are perfective and transitive (e.g. откры´ть). They therefore may not be 330

9.7

Formation of gerunds and participles

formed from verbs which are imperfective (e.g. открывa´ть) or

intransitive (e.g. стоя´ть). Nor can they be formed from reflexive verbs (e.g. смeя´ться), since these verbs are intransitive.

Past passive participles have one of the following types of ending.

-тый

The suffix - ыйis added to the final т of the infinitive in verbs of the following types (on stress changes see 12.4.4.6 below): (a)

basically monosyllabic in - ыть(9.6.3): зaкры´ть → зaкры´тый, shut ; (b)

basically monosyllabic in - ить(9.6.5): рaзби´ть → рaзби´тый, broken ; (c)

basically monosyllabic in - eть(9.6.6(b)): одe´ть → одe´тый, dressed ; (d)

in - оть(9.6.4): проколо´ть → проко´лотый, punctured ; (e)

in - уть: упомяну´ть → упомя´нутый, mentioned ;

(f )

in - eрe´ть(9.6.7(d)): зaпeрe´ть → зa´пeртый, locked ; стeрe´ть →

стёртый, rubbed off .

Note:

the final eof the infinitive form of derivatives of тeрe´ть is lost, and the remaining echanges to ë.

(g)

1B in - aтьor - ятьwhich have a stem in - моr - н(9.6.6(b) and

9.6.7(b)):

нaчa´ть (нaчн-у´) → нa´чaтый, begun ; снять (сним-у´) → сня´тый, taken off .

-нный

In verbs with infinitive ending in -aть or -ять, including 1B verbs

(except those in (g) above) and second-conjugation verbs, the final -ть

of the infinitive is replaced by -нный (note stress changes):

прочитa´ть → прочи´тaнный, read

взволновa´ть → взволно´вaнный, agitated

нaписa´ть → нaпи´сaнный, written

потeря´ть → потe´рянный, lost

-eнный/ -ённый

The ending - eнныйis used when stress is on the stem and - ённыйis used when stress is on the ending. These endings are used in verbs of the following types:

(a)

1B verbs with consonant stems which do not fall into any of the above categories, e.g.

ввeсти´ → ввeдённый, introduced

принeсти´ → принeсённый, brought

смeсти´ → смeтённый, swept off

ввeзти´ → ввeзённый, imported

зaжe´чь → зaжжённый, set light to

испe´чь → испeчённый, baked

Note:

of the two stems which verbs in - чьhave in their present/future tense ( г/жor к/ч) it is the stem in a hushing consonant (ж or ч) that is used in this participle.

331

9

Inflection

(b)

Second-conjugation verbs other than those in -aть. Any irregularities affecting the first person singular of second-conjugation verbs