Ульрих Бозер - Как научиться учиться [Навыки осознанного усвоения знаний]

17. «WamaLTC: Club», WamaLTC, July 7, 2001, http://wamaltc.org/club.html(дата обращения: 26.09.2016).

18. B. Givvin, J. W. Stigler, & B. Thompson (2011), «What Community College Developmental Mathematics Students Understand about Mathematics, Part 2: The Interviews», The MathAMATYC Educator , vol. 2, no. 3, 4–18. Перепечатано с согласия авторов.

19. Подробнее о памяти как сети дорог см.: Jill Stamm and Paula Spencer, Bright from the Start: The Simple, Science-Backed Way to Nurture Your Child's Developing Mind, from Birth to Age 3 (New York: Penguin, 2007).

20. Я благодарен моей сестре Кэтрин Бозер и Максу Маклюру за то, что познакомили меня с ментальными счетами. О научных исследованиях этой методики см.: Michael C. Frank and David Barner, «Representing Exact Number Visually Using Mental Abacus», Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141, no. 1 (2012): 134–149. Также см.: James W. Stigler, Laurence Chalip, and Kevin F. Miller, «Consequences of Skill: The Case of Abacus Training in Taiwan», American Journal of Education 94, no. 4 (1986): 447–479; и N. Brooks, D. Barner, M. Frank, and S. Goldin-Meadow (в редактуре), «The Role of Gesture in Supporting Mental Representations: The Case of Mental Abacus Arithmetic», 2016.

21. Richard E. Mayer, How Not to Be a Terrible School Board Member: Lessons for School Administrators and Board Members, Kindle edition (Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, SAGE Publications, 2011). См. также: Richard E. Mayer and Logan Fiorella, Learning as a Generative Activity: Eight Learning Strategies that Promote Understanding (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015).

22. John Dunlosky et al., «Improving Students' Learning with Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions from Cognitive and Educational Psychology», Psychological Science in the Public Interest 14, no. 1 (2013): 4–58. Обратите внимание, что эффект генерирования во многом сходен с эффектом тестирования, к наиболее новым исследованиям о котором относятся: Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger III, and Mark A. McDaniel, Make It Stick (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014) и Benedict Carey, How We Learn (New York: Penguin Random House, 2015).

23. Более подробно об эффекте генерирования и запоминании слов типа «maison»: Patricia Ann DeWinstanley and Elizabeth L. Bjork, «Processing Strategies and the Generation Effect: Implications for Making a Better Reader», Memory and Cognition 32, no. 6 (2004): 945–955.

24. Jamie L. Jensen et al., «Teaching to the Test… or Testing to Teach: Exams Requiring Higher Order Thinking Skills Encourage Greater Conceptual Understanding», Educational Psychology Review 26, no. 2 (2014): 307–329, и Luke G. Eglington and Sean H. K. Kang, «Retrieval Practice Benefits Deductive Inference», Educational Psychology Review (2016): 1–14.

25. Ulrich Boser, «Don't Hate Tests», US News & World Report , September 23, 2015, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/knowledge-bank/2015/09/23/testing-plays-a-key-role-in-education-accountability(дата обращения: 15.09.2016), и здесь я частично воспользовался собственным материалом.

26. Perri Klass M.D, «Why Handwriting Is Still Essential in the Keyboard Age», New York Times , June 20, 2016.

27. Идею о том, что студенты должны «усердно размышлять о мастерстве», я взял из предисловия Дилана Уильяма к: Daisy Christodoulou, Seven Myths about Education (London: Taylor & Francis, 2013).

28. Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow and Chris Ricketts, «Language Attrition: Measuring How 'Wobbly' People Become in their L1 [First Language]», (Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Verlag Hohengehren, 2010): 41–46. Также хороший источник: «Language Attrition», Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_attrition&oldid=737109836.

29. K. Grob et al., «A Newly Discovered Muscle: The Tensor of the Vastus Intermedius», Clinical Anatomy 29, no. 2 (2016): 256–263. Также в написании этого раздела я использовал: Ellen J. Langer, The Power of Mindful Learning (Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 1990), откуда взята цитата об исследовании «осмысленности».

30. Class Warfare: Inside the Fight to Fix America's Schools , reprint edition (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012). Нужно отметить, что я сам выполнял некоторую работу для Фонда Гейтсов и часть моей работы в Центре за американский прогресс была финансирована этим фондом.

31. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, «Ensuring Fair and Reliable Measures of Effective Teaching: Culminating Findings from the MET Project's Three-Year Study. Policy and Practice Brief. MET Project», ERIC ( January 2013), http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED540958(дата обращения: 18.09.2016).

32. Joe Nocera, «Gates Puts the Focus on Teaching», New York Times , May 21, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/22/opinion/nocera-gates-puts-the-focus-on-teaching.html(дата обращения: 18.09.2016).

Berg, Justin M., Jane E. Dutton, and Amy Wrzesniewski. «What Is Job Crafting and Why Does It Matter?» Center for Positive Organizational Scholarship, Michigan Ross School of Business (2008).

Bransford, John D., and Daniel L. Schwartz. «Rethinking Transfer: A Simple Proposal with Multiple Implications.» Review of Research in Education 24, no. 1 (1999): 61–100.

Chi, Michelene T. H. «Active-Constructive-Interactive: A Conceptual Framework for Differentiating Learning Activities.» Topics in Cognitive Science 1, no. 1 (January 2009): 73–105.

Ferguson, Ronald F., with Charlotte Danielson. «How Framework for Teaching and Tripod 7Cs Evidence Distinguish Key Components of Effective Teaching.» Designing Teacher Evaluation Systems: New Guidance from the Measures of Effective Teaching Project, eds. Thomas J. Kane, Kerri A. Kerr, and Robert C. Pianta. Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass, 2014.

Freeman, Scott, et al. «Active Learning Increases Student Performance in Science, Engineering, and Mathematics.» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 23 (2014): 8410–8415.

Haskell, Robert E. Transfer of Learning, Volume: Cognition and Instruction . 1st ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2000.

Hyde, Thomas S., and James J. Jenkins. «Differential Effects of Incidental Tasks on the Organization of Recall of a List of Highly Associated Words.» Journal of Experimental Psychology 82, no. 3 (1969): 472.

Panksepp, Jaak. «Affective Neuroscience of the Emotional Brain Mind: Evolutionary Perspectives and Implications for Understanding Depression.» Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 12, no. 4 (2010): 533–545.