Николас Уэйд - На заре человечества - Неизвестная история наших предков

Благодарю свою читательницу, кулинарного обозревателя Энн Мендельсон, обратившую мое внимание на то, что во многих частях мира люди потребляют молоко только в сквашенном виде, в продуктах вроде йогурта, где лактоза уже трансформировалась благодаря работе бактерий в молочную кислоту. В таких условиях не возникает стимула для развития переносимости лактозы. Тем не менее она у человека возникла, так что люди культуры воронкообразных кубков, видимо, употребляли молоко парным, возможно, потому, что не умели сквашивать.

Albano Beja-Pereira et al., «Gene-Culture Coevolution between Cattle Milk Protein Genes and Human Lactase Genes,» Nature Genetics 35:311–315 (2003).

Nabil Sabri Enattah et al., «Identification of a Variant Associated with Adult-type Hypolactasia,» Nature Genetics 30:233–237 (2002).

Todd Bersaglieri et al., «Genetic Signatures of Strong Recent Positive Selection at the Lactase Gene,» American Journal of Human Genetics 74:1111–1120 (2004).

Charlotte A. Mulcare et al., «The T Allele of a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 13.9 kb Upstream of the Lactase Gene (LCT) (C-13.9kbT) Does Not Predict or Cause the Lactase-Persistence Phenotype in Africans,» American Journal of Human Genetics 74:1102–1110 (2004).

Napoleon Chagnon, «Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population,» Science 239:985–992 (1988).

Anne E. Pusey, in Frans В. M. de Waal, ed., Tree of Origin, Harvard University Press 2001, p. 21.

John C. Mitani, David R Watts, and Martin N. Muller, «Recent Developments in the Study of Wild Chimpanzee Behavior,» Evolutionary Anthropology 11:9–25 (2002).

Anne E. Pusey, Tree of Origin, p. 26.

Julie L. Constable, Mary V. Ashley, Jane Goodall, and Anne E. Pusey, «Noninvasive Paternity Assignment in Gombe Chimpanzees,» Molecular Ecology 10:1279–1300 (2001).

Anne Pusey, Jennifer Williams, and Jane Goodall, «The Influence of Dominance Rank on the Reproductive Success of Female Chimpanzees,» Science 277:828–831 (1997).

A. Whiten et al., «Cultures in Chimpanzees,» Nature 399:682 (1999).

W. C. McGrew, «Tools Compared,» in Richard W. Wrangham et al., eds., Chimpanzee Cultures, Harvard University Press, 1994, p. 25.

Richard W. Wrangham et al., Demonic Males, Houghton Mifflin, 1996, p. 226.

Some experts argue that chimps are derived from bonobos, but the direction of change makes no difference here.

Frans de Waal, Our Inner Ape, Riverhead Books, 2005, p. 221.

John C. Mitani, David R Watts, and Martin N. Muller, «Recent Developments in the Study of Wild Chimpanzee Behavior,» Evolutionary Anthropology 11:9–25 (2002).

Napoleon A. Chagnon, Yanomamo, 5th ed., Wadsworth, 1997, p. 189.

Там же, с. 97.

Lawrence H. Keeley, War before Civilization, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 174.

Там же, с. 33.

Steven A. LeBlanc, Constant Battles, St. Martin s Press, 2003, p. 8.

Simon Mead et al., «Balancing Selection at the Prion Protein Gene Consistent with Prehistoric Kurulike Epidemics,» Science 300:640–643 (2003).

Edward O. Wilson, On Human Nature, Harvard University Press, 1978, p. 114.

Louise Barrett, Robin Dunbar, and John Lycett, Human Evolutionary Psychology, Princeton University Press, 2002, p. 64.

Napoleon A. Chagnon, Yanomamo, 5th ed., Wadsworth, 1997, p. 76.

Napoleon Chagnon, «Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population,» Science 239:985–992 (1988).

Napoleon A. Chagnon, Yanomamo, p. 77.

David M. Buss, Evolutionary Psychology, 2nd ed., Pearson Education, 2004, p. 257.

Robert L. Trivers, «The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism,» Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35–57, 1971.

Following Steven Pinker, How the Mind Works, W. W. Norton, 1997, pp. 404–405.

Matt Ridley, The Origins of Virtue, Viking, 1996, p. 197.

Paul Seabright, «The Company of Strangers: A Natural History of Economic Life,» Princeton University Press, 2004, p. 28.

Michael Kosfeld et al., «Oxytocin Increases Trust in Humans,» Nature 435:673–676 (2005).

Roy A. Rappaport, «The Sacred in Human Evolution,» Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2:23–44 (1971).

Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery, «The Coevolution of Ritual and Society: New HC Dates from Ancient Mexico,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 18252–18261 (2004).

Richard Sosis, «Why Aren't We all Hutterites?» Human Nature 14:91–127 (2003).

Edward O. Wilson, On Human Nature, Harvard University Press, 1978, p. 175.

Frank W Marlowe, «A Critical Period for Provisioning by Hadza Men: Implications for Pair Bonding,» Evolution and Human Behavior 24:217–229 (2003).

Tim Birkhead, Promiscuity, Harvard University Press, 2000, p. 41.

Nicholas Wade, «Battle of the Sexes is Discerned in Sperm,» New York Times February 22, 2000, p. F1.

Alan F. Dixson, Primate Sexuality, Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 218.

Gerald J. Wyckoff, Wen Wang, and Chung-I Wu, «Rapid Evolution of Male Reproductive Genes in the Descent of Man,» Nature 403:304–309 (2000).

В репродуктивном тракте женщины сперматозоиды обычно живут не дольше 48 часов, хотя бывают случаи, когда они выживают и до пяти дней. Tim Birkhead, Promiscuity, p. 67. Tim Birkhead, Promiscuity, p. 67.

Robin Baker, Sperm Wars, Basic Books, 1996, p. 38. Baker has contributed several novel findings to this field but some have not survived challenge by other researchers; see Birkhead, as cited, pp. 23–29.