Юваль Ной Харари - Sapiens. Краткая история человечества [litres]

58Nahum Megged, The Aztecs (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1999 [Hebrew]), 103.

59Тацит. Агрикола, гл. XXX. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), pp. 220–221.

60A. Fienup-Riordan, The Nelson Island Eskimo: Social Structure and Ritual Distribution (Anchorage: Alaska Pacific University Press, 1983), p. 10.

61Yuri Pines, ‘Nation States, Globalization and a United Empire – the Chinese Experience (third to fifth centuries BC)’, Historia 15 (1995), 54 [Hebrew].

62Alexander Yakobson, ‘Us and Them: Empire, Memory and Identity in Claudius’ Speech on Bringing Gauls into the Roman Senate’, in On Memory: An Interdisciplinary Approach, ed. Doron Mendels (Oxford: Peter Land, 2007), 23–24.

63W.H.C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church (Cambridgejames Clarke & Co., 2008), 536–537.

64Robert Jean Knecht, The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France , 1483–1610 (London: Fontana Press, 1996), 424.

65Marie Harm and Hermann Wiehle, Lebenskundefuer Mittelschulen – Fuenfter Teil Klasse 5fuer Jungen (Halle: Hermann Schroedel Verlag, 1942), 152–157.

66Susan Blackmore, The Meme Machine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).

67David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 344–345; Angus Maddison, The World Economy , vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001), 636; ‘Historical Estimates of World Population, U.S. Census Bureau, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.

68Maddison, The World Economy , vol. 1, 261.

69"Gross Domestic Product 2009", The World Bank, Data and Statistics, accessed December 10, 2010, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf.

70Christian, Maps of Time, 141.

71Самое крупное современное грузовое судно перевозит около 100 тысяч тонн. В 1470 году совокупный тоннаж мирового торгового флота составлял 730 тысяч тонн (Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 97).

72Крупнейший мировой банк – Королевский банк Шотландии – на 2007 год хранил депозиты общей стоимостью 1,3 триллиона долларов. Это впятеро больше совокупного мирового производства за 1500 год. См. ‘Annual Report and Accounts 2008’, The Royal Bank of Scotland, 35, accessed December 10, 2010, http://files.shareholder. com/downloads/RBS/626570033x0x278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3-81fb98a6c823/RBS_GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf.

73Ferguson, Ascent of Money, 185–198.

74Jennie B. Dorman et al., ‘The age-1 and daf-2 Genes Function in a Common Pathway to Control the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans\ Genetics 141:4 (1995), 1399–1406; Koen Houthoofd et al., ‘Life Extension via Dietary Restriction is Independent of the Ins/IGF-1 Signaling Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans, Experimental Gerontology 38:9 (2003), 947–954.

75Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1,31; Wrigley, English Population History , 295; Christian, Maps of Time, 450, 452; ‘World Health Statistic Report 2009’, 35–45, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010 http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.

76Wrigley, English Population History , 296.

77Там же.

78Michael Prestwich, Edward I (Berkley: University of California Press, 1988), 125–126.

79Stephen R. Bown, Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner, and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Matin's Press, 2004); Kenneth John Carpenter, The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

80James Cook, The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific, as Told by Selections of his Own Journals 1768–1779, ed. Archibald Grenfell Price (New York: Dover Publications, 1971), 16–17; Gananath Obeyesekere, The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 5; J.C. Beaglehole, ed., The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 588.

81Mark, Origins of the Modern World , 81.

82Christian, Maps of Time, 436.

83John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire since 1405 (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 239.

84Soli Shahvar, ‘Railroads i. The First Railroad Built and Operated in Persia, in the Online Edition of Encyclopaedia Iranica, last modified April 7, 2008, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/railroads-i; Charles Issawi, ‘The Iranian Economy 1925–1975: Fifty Years of Economic Development’, in Iran under the Pahlavis, ed. George Lenczowski (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), 156.

85Mark, The Origins of the Modern World, 46.

86Kirkpatrik Sale, Christopher Columbus and the Conquest of Paradise (London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2006), 7-13.

87Edward M. Spiers, The Army and Society: 1815–1914 (London: Longman, 1980), 121; Robin Moore, ‘Imperial India, 1858–1914’, in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, vol. 3, ed. Andrew Porter (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 442.

88Vinita Damodaran, ‘Famine in Bengal: A Comparison of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897 Famine in Chotanagpur’, The Medieval History Journal 10: 1–2 (2007), 151.

89Maddison, World Economy, vol. 1, 261, 264; ‘Gross National Income Per Capita 2009, Atlas Method and PPP’, The World Bank, accessed December 10,2010, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/ Resources/GNIPC.pdf.

90Этот пример с пекарней не слишком точен по расчетам. Поскольку банк вправе одалживать $10 на каждый имеющийся у него $1, банки могут выдавать предпринимателям по $909 тысяч из миллиона, резервируя $91 тысячу. Но, чтобы облегчить жизнь читателям, я предпочел круглые числа. Тем более банки не так уж и строго придерживаются этих правил.

91Carl Trocki, Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy (New York: Routledge, 1999), 91.

92Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History (London: Zed Books, 2002), 22.

93Mark, Origins of the Modern World, 109.

94Nathan S. Lewis and Daniel G. Nocera, ‘Powering the Planet: Chemical Challenges in Solar Energy Utilization, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:43 (2006), 15731.

95Kazuhisa Miyamoto (ed.), ‘Renewable Biological Systems for Alternative Sustainable Energy Production, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 128 (Osaka: Osaka University, 1997), chapter 2.1.1, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.fao.org/docrep/W7241E/w7241e06.ht m#2.1.1percent20solarpercent20energy; James Barber, ‘Biological Solar Energy ’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 365:1853 (2007), 1007

96‘International Energy Outlook 2010’>, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 9, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ ieo/pdf/0484(2010). pdf.

97S. Venetsky, ‘"Silver" from Clay’, Metallurgist 13:7 (1969), 451; Affalion, Fred, A History of the International Chemical Industry (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), 64; A. J. Downs, Chemistry of Aluminum, Gallium, Indium and Thallium (Glasgow: Blackie Academic 8c Professional, 1993), 15.