Constantine Pleshakov: The Crimean Nexus

Marco Polo, The Travels (Köln: Könemann, 1996), 10; The Journey of William of Rubruck , 51.

Pero Tafur, Travels and Adventures (1435–1439) (London: G. Routledge, 1926), 132–134; The Journey of William of Rubruck , 50; Keppen, Krymskii sbornik , 176; Steven A. Epstein, Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 193, 267; A. Bezchinsky, Putevoditel’ po Krymu (Moscow: I. N. Kushnerev, 1908), 379.

Tafur, Travels and Adventures , 132–134.

Epstein, Genoa and the Genoese , 211–212.

Williams, The Crimean Tatars , 13.

Ibid., 12.

Evliyá Efendí [Evliya Celebi], Narratives of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century (London: Oriental Translation Fund, 1834), 92–93. Williams, The Crimean Tatars , 46; Yury Shutov, Arabatskaya strelka (Simferopol: Tavria, 1983).

Lord Kinross, Ottoman Centuries (New York: Harper, 1979), 262–263.

“Opisanie Kryma (Tartariae descriptio) Martyna Bronevskogo,” Zapiski Odesskogo Obshchestva Istorii i Drevnostei, vol. 6 (1867), 333–367; Keppen, Krymskii sbornik , 27–28; Williams, The Crimean Tatars , 56.

Henry A. S. Dearborn, A Memoir on the Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea, and Trade and Maritime Geography of Turkey and Egypt (Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1819), vol. 2, 16; Williams, The Crimean Tatars , 53.

Nicholas V. Riasanovsky and Mark D. Steinberg, A History of Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 96; John T. Alexander, Catherine the Great: Life and Legend (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 129; Kinross, Ottoman Centuries , 262; Simon Sebag Montefiore, Potemkin: Catherine the Great’s Imperial Partner (New York: Vintage, 2005), 24; Alan W. Fisher, The Crimean Tatars (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1987), 14; Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia (New York: Kodansha, 1992), 15.

Fisher, The Crimean Tatars , 14; Williams, The Crimean Tatars , 48.

Guthrie, A Tour , 213–214.

Williams, The Crimean Tatars , 26.

Ibid., 29, 58.

Isabel de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible: First Tsar of Russia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 266; Williams, The Crimean Tatars , 49–50.

Williams, The Crimean Tatars , 51.

Descriptions of the Crimean Khanate can be found in a number of travelogues: Evliyá Efendí; Robert Dankoff and Sooyong Kim, eds., An Ottoman Traveller: Selections from the Book of Travels of Evliya Celebi (London: Eland, 2011); François Tott, Mémoires du baron de Tott sur les Turcs et les Tartares (Paris, 1786).

Joseph Brodsky, “Flight from Byzantium,” in Joseph Brodsky, Less Than One (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1986), 446.

James H. Billington, The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretive History of Russian Culture (New York: Vintage, 1970), 58; Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible , 10–11; 21.

Anna Komnene, The Alexiad (New York: Penguin, 1969), xix.

Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible , 17–19; Catherine Merridale, Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (New York: Metropolitan, 2013), 49–64; Komnene, The Alexiad , 39, 397.

Anderson, Imagined Communities , 15, 17.

Alexander, Catherine the Great , 247; Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History (New York: Picador, 2010), 13; Montefiore, Potemkin , 219–220, 242.

Montefiore, Potemkin , 246–247.

Ibid., 363–381; Henri Troyat, Catherine the Great (New York: Meridian, 1994), 272–288. Primary sources include Louis Philippe Ségur, Mémoires, ou souvenirs et anecdotes (Paris, 1827) and The Prince de Ligne: His Memoirs, Letters, and Miscellaneous Papers (New York: Brentano’s, 1899).

Pavel I. Sumarokov, Dosugi krymskogo sud’yi ili Vtoroe puteshestvie v Tavridu (St. Petersburg: Imperatorskaya Tipografiya, 1803), 130–131, 171–179; Williams, The Crimean Tatars , 83.

N. S. Vsevolozhskii, Puteshestvie, chrez yuzhnuyu Rossiyu, Krym i Odessu, v Konstantinopol, Maluyu Aziyu, Severnuyu Afriku, Maltu, Sitsiliyu, Italiyu, yuzhnuyu Frantsiyu i Parizh v 1836 i 1837 godakh (Moscow: Avgust Semyon, 1839), 59–79.

Mary Holderness, Journey from Riga to the Crimea: With Some Accounts of the Manners and Customs of the Colonists of New Russia (London: Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper, 1827), 216.

Ibid., 141, 217, 270.

Ibid., 145.

Ibid., 160–162.

Ibid., 163, 168, 175.

Ibid., 178–179.

Ibid., 182, 291–292.

Henderson, Biblical Researches , 289–291, 331; Mara Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010), 38.

Williams, The Crimean Tatars , 115–128; Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea , 70–75.

Figes, The Crimean War , xxiii; Hopkirk, The Great Game , 286–287; Edward D. Clarke, Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa (London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1818), 144–145.

Hopkirk, The Great Game , 286.

Figes, The Crimean War , xix, 489; Kinross, Ottoman Centuries , 497; William Howard Russell, The Crimean War as Seen By Those Who Reported It (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009); Sue M. Goldie, ed., Florence Nightingale: Letters from the Crimea, 1854–1856 (Manchester: Mandolin, 1997); Leo Tolstoy, The Sebastopol Sketches (New York: Penguin, 1986).

Williams, The Crimean Tatars , 146.

Ibid., 156, 173.

Anna Moskvich, Prakticheskii putevoditel’ po Krymu (Yalta: N. P. Petrov, 1889), 6; Princess Yelena Gorchakova, Vospominaniya o Kryme (Moscow: Tipografiya Obshchestva Rasprostraneniya Poleznykh Knig, 1884), vol. 2, 28; Yevgeny Markov, Ocherki Kryma. Kartiny krymskoi zhizni, istorii i prirody (Simferopol: Tavriya, 1995), 121.

Markov, Ocherki Kryma , 122–125; Vsevolozhskii, Puteshestvie, chrez yuzhnuyu Rossiyu , 30–31; A. N. Nilidin, Siluety Kryma (St. Petersburg: Shreder, 1884), 28–29.