Robert Service - The Penguin History of Modern Russia

9 Pravda , 1 February 1983.

10 N. Ryzhkov, Perestroika: istoriya predatel’stv , pp. 37, 41. For a general account see A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor , pp. 64–5.

11 Ryzhkov, Perestroika , p. 61. Gorbachëv says that Politburo candidate member V. I. Dolgikh, too, was involved in the leadership of the research team: Zhizn’ i reformy , vol. 1, p. 233.

12 Ryzhkov, Perestroika , p. 47.

13 See R. Medvedev’s account in Gensek , pp. 93.

14 T. Zaslavskaya, ‘The Novosibirsk Report’, p. 88–108.

15 Arbatov, Svidetel’stvo sovremennika , p. 322.

16 See M. Walker, The Cold War , p. 276.

17 A. Vol ’ skii, Literaturnaya gazeta , 4 July 1990. The episode is still rather obscure: Gorbachëv claims not to have known about it until after Chernenko’s selection as General Secretary, Zhizn’ i reformy , vol. 1, p. 245. See also Brown, The Gorbachev Factor , pp. 67–9.

18 R. Medvedev, Gensek , pp. 219–22.

19 See R. Sakwa, Gorbachev and his Reforms , p. 11.

20 Narodnoe khozyaistvo v 1983 g. , p. 129; Narodnoe khozyaistvo v 1984 g. , p. 229.

21 A. S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachëvym , pp. 12–13.

22 Ryzhkov, Perestroika , pp. 37, 61.

23 Istochnik , no. 0 [ sic ] (1993), pp. 68–72.

24 It was widely reported that Gromyko said that Gorbachëv had a ‘handsome smile but an iron bite’: see A. Roxburgh, The Second Russian Revolution , p. 207. But Gromyko’s quip does not appear in any text of his speech so far published.

25 Brown, The Gorbachev Factor , pp. 121–6.

26 Gorbachëv, Zhizn’ i reformy , vol. 1, p. 38.

27 Ibid., p. 74.

28 G. Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody , p. 339.

29 L’Unità , 9 April 1985.

30 M. Gorbačov and Z. Mlynář, Reformátoři NebývajíŠtˇastni , p. 39. I am grateful to Kieran Williams for alerting me to the existence of this book and for helping me with the Czech language.

31 Gorbachëv, Zhizn’ i reformy , vol. 1, p. 210.

32 Gorbačov and Mlynář, Reformátoři , p. 39.

33 Gorbachëv, Zhizn’ i reformy , vol. 1, pp. 165, 169.

34 Ibid., p. 236.

35 Ibid., p. 265: ‘Tak dal ’ she zhit ’ nel ’ zya’.

36 I am grateful to Archie Brown for pointing out the significance of the location of the conversation.

37 Istochnik , no. 0 [ sic ] (1993), p. 74.

38 E. Shevardnadze, Moi vybor , p. 79.

39 Please note that these figures relate to full members of the Politburo.

40 Brown, The Gorbachev Factor , p. 77.

41 Gorbachëv, Zhizn’ i reformy , vol. 1, p. 210.

42 Ryzhkov, Perestroika , p. 92.

43 Gorbachëv, Izbrannye rechi i stat’i , vol. 2, p. 212.

44 Party Programme: SXXVII, vol. 1, p. 555.

45 T. Colton, The Dilemma of Reform in the Soviet Union , p. 91.

46 Gorbačov and Mlynář, Reformátoři , p. 69.

47 Walker, The Cold War , p. 273.

48 See note 46.

49 Chernyaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachëvym , p. 57.

50 Ibid., p. 121.

51 SXXVII, vol. 2, p. 32.

52 Z. Medvedev, Nuclear Disaster in the Urals .

53 Gorbachëv, Zhizn’ i reformy , vol. 1, p. 304.

1 J. Graffy, ‘The Literary Press’, pp. 107–36.

2 A. D. Sakharov, Memoirs , p. 615.

3 In Russian, therefore, razvivayushchiisya sotsializm replaced razvitoi sotsializm : R. Service, ‘Gorbachev’s Reforms: The Future in the Past’, p. 279.

4 Ibid., p. 278.

5 Ibid., pp. 277–8, 283–4.

6 A. Smith, Russia and the World Economy , pp. 104–6.

7 Materialy plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS .

8 Pravda , 26 June 1987.

9 Gorbachëv has suggested that the illness may have been the result of Yeltsin deliberately harming himself with a pair of scissors: Zhizn’ i reformy , vol. 1, p. 374.

10 M. S. Gorbachev, Perestroika. New Thinking for Our Country and the World , pp. 38–41.

11 Ibid., p. 161.

12 Wisely he agreed to drop the long-winded slogan, ‘socialism in the process of self-development’, which he had introduced at the January 1987 Central Committee plenum: see Vadim Medvedev, V komande Gorbachëva , p. 67.

13 A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor , pp. 33–4.

14 SXXVII, vol. 1, p. 590.

15 G. Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody , p. 339; R. Gorbachëva, Ya nadeyus’ , p. 23.

16 R. Kaiser, The Geography of Nationalism , p. 176.

17 M. S. Gorbachëv, Gody trudnykh reshenii, 1985–1992 , p. 106.

18 A. S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let , p. 183.

19 Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody , p. 341.

20 Devyatnadsataya vsesoyuznaya konferentsiya KPSS , vol. 1, p. 58.

21 Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 82–8.

22 Ibid., p. 186.

23 M. Gorbačov and Z. Mlynář, Reformátoři NebývajíŠtˇastni , p. 69.

24 E. Pryce-Jones, The War That Never Was , p. 307.

25 Gorbachëv, Izbrannye stat’i i rechi , vol. 4, p. 278.

26 Ibid., vol. 7, pp. 150–75.

1 M. S. Gorbachëv, Zhizn’ i reformy , vol. 1, p. 334.

2 A. Smith, ‘Foreign Trade’, p. 138.

3 P. Hanson, ‘The Economy’, p. 99.

4 G. Schröder, ‘Soviet consumption in the 1980s’, p. 97.

5 G. Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody , p. 216.

6 Schröder, ‘Soviet consumption in the 1980s’, p. 93.

7 S. White, After Gorbachev , p. 127.

8 E. C. Cook, ‘Agriculture’s role in the Soviet economic crisis’, p. 197.

9 A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor , p. 144.

10 J. Channon, ‘The privatisation of Russian Agriculture’.

11 D. Filtzer, Soviet Workers and the Collapse of Perestroika , pp. 94–101.

12 N. Ryzhkov, Perestroika , p. 297.

13 Ibid., p. 301.

14 White, After Gorbachev , p. 52.

15 Ibid., pp. 52–3.

16 Pravda , 28 May 1989.

17 Brown, The Gorbachev Factor , pp. 264–7.

18 G. A. Hosking, P. J. S. Duncan and J. Aves, The Road to Post-Communism , pp. 19–20, 76–7.

19 Brown, The Gorbachev Factor , p. 6.

20 V. A. Tishkov, ‘Assembleya natsii ili soyuznyi parlament?’, pp. 3–18; M. Buttino, ‘La fine dell’Unione Sovietica’, pp. 11–13.

21 Ryzhkov, Perestroika , pp. 90–92.

22 See the note by Brown, The Gorbachev Factor , p. 321.

23 A. S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let , p. 251.

1 A. S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let , p. 319.

2 Ibid., p. 356.

3 I owe this point to Peter Duncan.

4 Pravda , 5 February 1990.

5 ITsKKPSS, no. 4 (1990), p. 61.

6 Chernyaev, Shest’ let , p. 278.

7 L. Sukhanov, Tri Goda s Yeltsinym , pp. 119–20.

8 Narodnoe khozyaistvo v 1990 g. , p. 348.

9 Pravda , 14 December 1989.

10 See G. A. Hosking, P. J. S. Duncan and J. Aves, The Road to Post-Communism , pp. 45– 6.

11 Chernyaev, Shest’ let , p. 442; Vadim Medvedev, V komande Gorbachëva , p. 185.

12 Soyuz mozhno bylo sokhranit’ , p. 111.

13 A. Smith, Russia and the World Economy , pp. 118–19.