Christopher Andrew - The Sword and the Shield

61. Costello, Ten Days to Destiny.

62. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, pp. vi-vii. Costello’s untimely death in 1996 has been variously attributed by conspiracy theorists to the machinations of British or Russian intelligence. While Costello was somewhat naive in his attitude to the SVR, there is no suggestion that either he or any of the other Western authors (some of them distinguished scholars) of the collaborative histories authorized by the SVR have been Russian agents.

63. The collaborative volumes so far published are, in order of publication: Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions; Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, Battleground Berlin; Fursenko and Naftali, “ One Hell of a Gamble ”; West and Tsarev, The Crown Jewels; and Weinstein and Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood. Further publication details are given in the bibliography.

64. Extracts from the Philby file appear in Costello, Ten Days to Destiny; Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions; Borovik, The Philby Files; West and Tsarev, The Crown Jewels.

65. See below, chapter 9.

66. Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, Battleground Berlin, p. 248. The authors rightly describe the SVR’s claim that it has no file on Kopatzky/Orlov as “obviously disingenuous.” The SVR’s selection of documents for the most recent of the collaborative histories (on espionage in the USA in the Stalin era) shows some similar signs of archival amnesia on embarrassing episodes. It claims, for example, that “available records” do not indicate the fate of Vasili Mironov, a senior officer in the New York residency recalled to Moscow in 1944 (Weinstein and Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood, p. 275). In reality, his fate is precisely recorded in SVR files. After his recall, Mironov was first sent to labor camp, then shot after attempting to smuggle details of the NKVD massacre of Polish officers to the US embassy in Moscow.

67. See below, chapter 9.

68. Samolis (ed.), Veterany Vneshnei Razvedki Rossii. The editor, Tatyana Samolis, is spokeswoman for the SVR. One striking example of this volume’s reverential attitude towards the pious myths created by the KGB is its highly sanitized account of the frequently unsavory career of Hero of the Soviet Union Stanislav Alekseyevich Vaupshashov.

69. Primakov et al., Ocherki Istorii Rossiyskoi Vneshnei Razvedki. Three volumes were published between 1995 and 1997. They are based, in part, on formerly classified articles in the KGB in-house journal KGB Sbornik, some of which were noted by Mitrokhin.

70. Though the former head of the SVR, Yevgeni Primakov (who in 1998 became Russian prime minister), was given the honorary title of “editor-in-chief” of Ocherki Istorii Rossiyskoi Vneshnei Razvedki, his role can scarcely have been much more than nominal. As “literary editor,” Zamoysky is likely to have played a much more significant role. During the 1980s he regularly expounded his belief in a global Masonic-Zionist plot during briefing trips to foreign residencies. Oleg Gordievsky heard him deliver a lecture on this subject during his visit to the London residency in January 1985; Zamoysky was then deputy head of the FCD Directorate of Intelligence Information. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 42.

71. “Freemasons,” Zamoysky claimed, “have always controlled the upper echelons of government in Western countries… Masonry in fact runs, ‘remotely controls’ bourgeois society… The true center of the world Masonic movement is to be found in the most ‘Masonic’ country of all, the United States… Ronald Reagan has been characterized as an ‘outstanding’ Mason.” Zamoysky’s explanation of the Cold War was startling in its simplicity:

The first ever atomic attack on people, the use of atomic weapons for blackmail and the escalation of the arms race were sanctioned by the 33-degree Mason Harry Truman.

The first ever call for the Cold War was sounded by Mason Winston Churchill (with Truman’s blessing).

The onslaught on the economic independence of Western Europe (disguised as the Marshall Plan) was directed by the 33-degree Mason George Marshall.

Truman and West European Freemasons orchestrated the formation of NATO.

Don’t we owe to that cohort the instigation of hostility between the West and the Soviet Union…?

( Behind the Facade of the Masonic Temple, pp. 6-7, 141.)

An important part of the explanation for the survival of some old KGB conspiracy theories into today’s SVR is the continuity of personnel.

72. The third and latest volume of the SVR official history, which ends in 1941, concludes that Soviet foreign intelligence “honorably and unselfishly did its patriotic duty to Motherland and people.” Primakov et al., Ocherki Istorii Rossiyskoi Vneshnei Razvedki, vol. 3, conclusion.

73. That is why the SVR selected as the first subject for a collaborative history between one of its own consultants and a Western historian a biography of Aleksandr Orlov, a senior foreign intelligence officer who, despite being forced to flee to the West from Stalin’s Terror, allegedly kept “faith with Lenin’s revolution” and used his superior intelligence training to take in Western intelligence agencies for many years. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions.

74. See below, ch. 5.

75. See below, chs. 15, 16, 19, 20, 29, 30.

76. See below, ch. 18.

77. On the destruction of KGB files, see Knight, Spies Without Cloaks, p. 194.

1. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 56-63.

2. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 52-3.

3. vol. 6, ch. 3, part 3, n. 2; k-9,218.

4. Leggett, The Cheka, p. 17.

5. k-9,67.

6. Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 1919-1924, pp. 92-3.

7. k-9,67,204.

8. Tsvigun et al. (eds.), V.I. Lenin i VChK, no. 48.

9. Ostryakov, Voyennye Chekisty, ch. 1.

10. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 69-75. On the evidence for Lenin’s involvement, see Brook-Shepherd, Iron Maze, p. 103.

11. Brook-Shepherd, Iron Maze, p. 107.

12. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 79.

13. Before his execution, Kannegiser was twice interrogated personally by Dzerzhinsky. Though he had formerly been an active member of the Workers’ Popular Socialist Party, he claimed—perhaps to protect other supporters of the Party—that, “as a matter of principle,” he was not currently a member of any party. Kannegiser said that he had carried out the assassination entirely on his own to avenge those shot on Uritsky’s orders as “enemies of Soviet power.” According to his father, one of those shot had been a friend of Kannegiser. The family maid, Ilinaya, claimed that Kannegiser “was linked with some suspicious people who often came to see him, and that he himself would disappear from his house at night, returning only during the day.” Rozenberg, another witness interrogated by the Cheka, claimed that Kannegiser had told him of his plan to overthrow the Bolshevik regime. Mitrokhin noted, after reading the Cheka interrogation records, that the conflicts in evidence had not been resolved. vol. 10, ch. 4.

14. The record of Kaplan’s interrogation was published in 1923; Pipes, The Russian Revolution, p. 807.

15. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 75-81.

16. Pipes (ed.), The Unknown Lenin, pp. 48, 54.

17. Though the KGB files examined by Mitrokhin do not record Filippov’s fate after his arrest by the Petrograd Cheka, he was never heard of again. k-9,67,204.