Christopher Andrew - The Sword and the Shield

14. Mitrokhin later found evidence of similar plans to end the dancing career of another defector from the Kirov Ballet, Natalia Makarova.

15. The approximate size of the FCD archive c. 1970 is given in vol. 6, ch. 2, part 1.

16. When FCD Directorate S at the Lubyanka asked to consult one of the files transferred to Yasenevo, Mitrokhin was also responsible for supervising its return.

17. k-16,506.

18. Blake, No Other Choice, p. 265.

19. While working on the notes at the dacha, Mitrokhin kept them hidden at the bottom of a laundry basket, then buried them in the milk-churn before he left. He was not the first to bury a secret archive in a milk-churn. In the Warsaw Ghetto in 1942-3 Emanuel Ringelblum buried three churns, rediscovered after the Second World War, which contained a priceless collection of underground newspapers, reports on resistance networks, and the testimony of Jews who had escaped from the death camps. One of the milk-churns is among the exhibits at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington.

20. Mitrokhin’s archive is in four sections:

(i) k-series: handwritten material filed in large envelopes

(ii) t-series: handwritten notebooks

(iii) volumes: typed material, mostly arranged by country, sometimes with commentary by Mitrokhin

(iv) frag.-series: miscellaneous handwritten notes Endnote references to Mitrokhin’s archive follow this classification.

21. Solzhenitsyn’s letter of complaint to Andropov and Andropov’s mendacious report on it to the Council of Ministers are published in Scammell (ed.), The Solzhenitsyn Files, pp. 158-60. See also Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, pp. 322-3, 497-8; Scammell, Solzhenitsyn, pp. 739-43.

22. Pipes (ed.), The Unknown Lenin, pp. 48-50.

23. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 1.

24. Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive, pp. 80-1. In 1926 the OGPU had confiscated Bulgakov’s allegedly subversive diary. Though Bulgakov succeeded in getting it back a few years later, he himself subsequently burnt it for fear that it might provide evidence for his arrest. Happily, a copy survives in the KGB archives.

25. “Some aspects of the political and moral-psychological situation among members of the Moscow Theatre of Drama and Comedy on the Taganka.” Report submitted to Andropov in July 1978 (k-25, appendix).

26. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, pp. 2-4.

27. See below, chapter 19.

28. The Afghan War will be covered in volume 2.

29. A characteristic example was a plan (document no. 150/S-9195) for agent infiltration into Russian émigré communities to monitor and destabilize dissidents abroad, signed jointly by Kryuchkov and Bobkov (head of the Fifth Directorate), submitted to Andropov on August 19, 1975, and approved by him a few days later; vol. 6, ch. 8, part 6. Kryuchkov now improbably maintains that he “had nothing to do with the struggle against dissent” (Remnick, Resurrection, p. 322).

30. vol. 10, ch. 3, para. 23.

31. vol. 6, app. 2, parts 3, 4; k-2,323; k-5,169.

32. Since he does not wish to reveal some details of his departure from the Soviet Union to the present Russian security service, Mitrokhin is unwilling to identify the Baltic republic in which he contacted SIS.

33. Kessler, The FBI, p. 433. Despite its limitations, the story confirms Kessler’s well-deserved reputation for scoops.

34. Michael Isikoff, “FBI Probing Soviet Spy Effort, Book Says,” Washington Post (August 18, 1993).

35. “Fun and Games with the KGB,” Time (August 30, 1993).

36. The British media also assumed that the KGB defector had gone to the United States. See, for example, “Top US Officials ‘Spied For KGB,’” The Times (August 19, 1993); “KGB Recruited ‘Hundreds’ of American Spies,” Independent (August 19, 1993).

37. The first exposure of Hernu’s alleged role as a Soviet Bloc agent was the article by Jérôme Dupuis and Jean-Marie Pontaut, “Charles Hernu était un agent de l’Est,” L’Express (October 31, 1996).

38. “Le contre-espionnage français est convaincu que Charles Hernu a été un agent de l’Est,” Le Monde (October 31, 1996). For British versions of the Hernu story, see, inter alia, the reports in the Daily Telegraph, Guardian, Independent and The Times on October 31, 1996, and in the Sunday Times and Sunday Telegraph on November 3, 1996.

39. Since Mitrokhin’s notes, though voluminous, are not comprehensive, the absence of any identifiable reference to Hernu is not proof of his innocence, especially as his initial contacts were, allegedly, with Bulgarian and Romanian intelligence. Hernu’s family insist that he is innocent of the charges against him.

40. Focus (December 1996, March 1997). Focus ’s report in December 1996 provoked the vigorous SVR denunciation quoted at the beginning of this chapter.

41. Andreas Weber, “Die ‘Grot’ geschluckt: Die Lagepläne zu den KGB-Waffen- und Spreng-stoffdepots in Österreich sind überaus präzise,” Profil (May 26, 1997).

42. t-7,65.

43. See below, chapter 22.

44. Focus (June 15, 1998). Other errors in the Focus story included the claim that the defector had “worked at KGB headquarters until the early 1990s.”

45. Focus (June 15, 1998). Roger Boyes, “Defector Says Willy Brandt was KGB Agent,” The Times (June 16, 1998).

46. ITAR/Tass interview with Yuri Kobaladze, June 19, 1998. Butkov’s memoirs, so far available only in Norwegian, contain much of interest (including KGB documents) on his career in the FCD from 1984 to 1991, but include no reference to Brandt. In 1998, while living in Britain, Butkov was jailed for three years for his involvement in a confidence trick which persuaded companies in Russia and Ukraine to pay 1.5 pounds to enrol employees in a bogus business school in California. “Conman from Suburbia is KGB Defector,” Sunday Times (April 26, 1998).

47. k-26,88.

48. See below, chapter 26.

49. vol. 6, ch. 11, parts 26, 28, 41.

50. Scott Shane and Sandy Banisky, “Lipka Was Wary of FBI’s Spy Trap,” Baltimore Sun (February 25, 1996); William C. Carley, “How the FBI Broke Spy Case that Baffled Agency for 30 Years,” Wall Street Journal (November 21, 1996).

51. Julia C. Martinez, “Accused Spy Admits Guilt,” Philadelphia Inquirer (May 24, 1997).

52. Joseph A. Slobodzian, “18-Year Sentence for Ex-Soviet Spy,” Philadelphia Inquirer (September 25, 1997).

53. The first edition was published in New York by Reader’s Digest Press.

54. vol. 6, ch. 8, part 54.

55. vol. 6, app. 1, part 28.

56. vol. 6, ch. 8, part 4.

57. Some of the KGB documents obtained by Gordievsky, all covering the period 1974 to 1985, were later published in Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre and More Instructions from the Centre.

58. Unattributable information. Since Mitrokhin had retired six years before the publication of the history by Andrew and Gordievsky, he had no access to KGB files on it.

59. Order of the Chairman of the KGB, no. 107/OV, September 5, 1990.

60. Costello later told Andrew and Gordievsky that he received the first order of KGB material shortly after the press conference to launch their book, at which he made an engagingly boisterous appearance to denounce their identification of John Cairncross as the Fifth Man as a plot by British intelligence. He subsequently changed his mind after seeing material from Cairncross’s KGB file which confirmed that identification.