Richard Rashke - Useful Enemies

Cantril, Hadley, and Mildred Strunk. Public Opinion, 1935–1946. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951.

Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Conference and the Intergovernmental Committee.” Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, vol. 203, May 1939.

Feingold, Henry L. The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust 1938–1945. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970.

Meir, Golda. My Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1975.

Mendelsohn, John. The Holocaust: Selected Documents in 18 Volumes. New York: Garland, 1982.

Morse, Arthur D. While Six Million Died. New York: Random House, 1968.

Ogilvie, Sarah A., and Scott Miller. “Jewish Emigration: The SS St. Louis Affair and Other Cases.” In Refuge Denied: The St. Louis Passengers and the Holocaust. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.

Proceedings of the Intergovernmental Committee, Evian, Switzerland, July 6–15, 1938. New York: Institute for Jewish Research, 1980.

Proudfoot, Malcolm J. European Refugees: A Study in Forced Movement. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1956.

Rosen, Robert. Saving the Jews: Franklin Roosevelt and the Holocaust. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2006.

Sabin, Gloria, and Ernest Honig. The World’s Indifference. New York: Holocaust Survivors of Auschwitz, n.d.

Shaw, Annette. The Evian Conference — Hitler’s Green Light for Genocide. Christian Action for Israel, 2001. www.christianactionforisrael.org/antiholo/evian/evian.html/.

Smith, Jean Edward. FDR. New York: Random House, 2007.

Thomas, Gordon, and Max Morgan-Witts. Voyage of the Damned: A Shocking True Story of Hope, Betrayal and Nazi Terror. New York: Stein & Day, 1974.

Zucker, Bat Ami. In Search of Refuge: Jews and US Consuls in Nazi Germany, 1933–1941. London: Vallintine Mitchell, 2001.

“The Voyage of the St. Louis. ” U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleID=100005267.

4 “The world seemed”: “Settlement of Refugees,” Manchester Guardian, May 23, 1936. The paper quotes Weizmann’s address to a London refugee conference sponsored by the League of Nations.

4 Unemployment statistics for 1938 come from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

5 “Should we allow”: Cantril and Strunk, 385. The poll was taken on November 22, 1938.

5 Poll data are from Black, Rosen, Smith, and Zucker. For more on anti-Semitism in the United States see Zucker, chap. 2, “Anti-Semitism: The American Scene.”

5 “Stop the leak before”: Rosen, 63.

5 “It is heart breaking”: “The Refugee Question as a Test of Civilization,” NYT , July 4, 1938.

5 “No country would be”: Department of State Bulletin, Press Release, March 24, 1938, as quoted by Brecher, 61.

6 Required a certificate of: Birnbaum, 136.

6 Only granted 18,000: Black, 489.

7 “Viewed as a whole”: Adams.

7 “I am satisfied”: The July 20, 1938, report to the State Department can be found in Mendelsohn, vol. 5, 245.

8 “I don’t think that anyone”: Meir, 27.

8 St. Louis news stories are from NYT: “Fear Suicide Wave on Refugees’ Ship,” June 1, 1939; Hart Philips, “Cuba Orders Liner and Refugees to Go,” June 2, 1939; “Refugee Ship Idles Off Florida Coast,” June 5, 1939; “Ship Sails Back with 907 Jews Who Fled Nazis,” June 7, 1939; “Cuba Again Asked to Admit Refugees,” June 8, 1939.

8 Were 938 paying passengers: Ogilvie lists the names of all the passengers in an appendix.

10 Schroeder sailed north: Schroeder had only 908 passengers at this point. One refugee had died of a heart attack. One had attempted suicide by slitting his wrists and jumping overboard. He was taken to a Havana hospital. Six non-Jews with valid visas were admitted to Cuba as well as twenty-two Jews with valid visas.

10 Unemployment rate was still over seventeen percent: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

10 “The German refugees”: Ogilvie and Miller, 25.

10 “The St. Louis will not”: Thomas and Witts, 254.

10 “Repeating urgent appeal”: Ogilvie and Miller, 23–24.

11 Great Britain accepted 288 refugees, the Netherlands 181, Belgium 214, and France 244.

11 254 weren’t so lucky: Ogilvie traced the fate of all the St. Louis passengers.

Allen, Charles, Jr. Nazi War Criminals in America: Facts… Action. New York: Highgate House, 1985.

——. “Nazi War Criminals Among Us.” Jewish Currents, 1963. Arad, Yitzak. The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.

——. “Popular Collaboration in the Baltic States: Between Evasion and Facing a Burdensome Past.” In The Refugee Experience: Ukrainian Displaced Persons After World War II, edited by Wsevolod W. Isajiw, Yury Boshyk, and Roman Senkus. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, University of Alberta, 1992.

Arad, Yitzak, Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Specto. The Einsatzgruppen Reports. New York: Holocaust Library, 1989.

Brecher, Reluctant Ally.

Cantril and Strunk, Public Opinion.

The DP Story: The Final Report of the United States Displaced Persons Act Commission. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952.

Gilbert, Martin. Auschwitz and the Allies. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981.

Karski, Jan. The Story of a State Secret. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1944.

Laqueur, Walter. The Terrible Secret. Boston: Little, Brown, 1980.

Mendelsohn, John. The Holocaust: Selected Documents in 18 Volumes.

Rashke, Richard. Escape From Sobibor. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987.

Rosen, Saving the Jews.

Sereny, Gita. Into That Darkness. New York: Vintage, 1983.

Stauber, Roni, ed. Collaboration with the Nazis: Public Discourse after the Holocaust. New York: Routledge Jewish Studies Series, 2011.

Wood, E. Thomas, and Stanislaw Jankowski. Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.

12 The account of the Swedish plan comes from Rashke, chap. 17, and Sereny, 215–17.

13 For details on the Bermuda Conference see: Rashke, chap. 17; Laqueur, 133–34; Gilbert, 131–37; and Reingold, 67–208. Brecher and Rosen have excellent analyses.

13 The Karski story comes from Rashke, Karski, and Wood and Jankowski. Karski mistakenly claimed that Belzec was the death camp he visited disguised as an Estonian guard. Wood and Jankowski have clarified the issue.

13 “I am convinced”: Karski’s visit to President Roosevelt comes from Karski, Rashke, and the author’s 1981 interviews with Karski, who died in 2000.

13 “Absolutely fantastic”: S. S. Alden, “Memorandum for Mr. Ladd: Re Bermuda Conference on Refugees,”April 13, 1943, NA, RG 65,FBI Subject Files, Box 16.

14 “The ‘sob sister’ crowd”: Rosen, 281.

15 Truman’s response to the DP Act can be found in full in “Truman’s Statement on Refugee Bill,” NYT, June 26, 1948. See also The DP Story and NYT: “Prejudice Blocks DP Legislation, Javits Charges,” Feb. 18, 1948; “House Group Acts on DP’s, But Quota Cut to 200,000,” April 30, 1948; “House Votes 289–291 To Take 200,000 DP’s In Next Two Years,” June 12, 1948.

15 IOP poll: Cantril and Strunk, 1089.

17 The origins and workings of the Einsatzgruppen are highly documented from hundreds of “situation” and “operation” reports (field reports) discovered by the U.S. Army at the Gestapo headquarters in Berlin as well as testimony from dozens of war crimes trials. For summaries see: Mendelsohn; Arad, Einsatzgruppen; Yale F. Edeiken, “An Introduction to the Einsatzgruppen,” Holocaust History Project, http://holocaust-history.org/intro-einsatz; “Einsatzgruppen,” Nizkor Project, http://www.nizkor.org; and http://www.deathcamp.org/reinhard/hiwis.