Richard Rashke - Useful Enemies

I would also like to thank the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum for permission to include in this book four photographs from its photo archives. However, the views or opinions expressed in this book, and the context in which the images are used, do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of—nor imply approval or endorsement by—the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

BIA: Board of Immigration Appeals

CIA: Central Intelligence Agency

CIC: Counter Intelligence Corps, U.S. Army

CROWCASS: Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects

CID: Criminal Investigation Division, U.S. Army

DOJ: U.S. Department of Justice

DP: displaced person

DPA: Displaced Persons Act

DPC: Displaced Persons Commission

FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation

FHO: Foreign Army–East (Nazi intelligence organization)

FOIA: Freedom of Information Act

GAO: General Accounting Office (since 2004, the Government Accountability Office)

INS: Immigration and Naturalization Service

IRO: International Refugee Organization

JCS: Joint Chiefs of Staff

JDL: Jewish Defense League

NSC: National Security Council

OPC: Office of Policy Coordination, Central Intelligence Agency

OSI: Office of Special Investigations, U.S. Department of Justice

OSS: Office of Strategic Services

OUN: Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists

PPS: Policy Planning Staff, U.S. Department of State

RLA: Russian Liberation Army

ROC: Romanian Orthodox Church

SD: Sicherheitsdienst (SS intelligence organization)

SLU: Special Litigation Unit, U.S. Department of Justice

SS: Schutzstaffel (Nazi paramilitary organization)

SANACC: State-Army-Navy-Air Force Coordinating Committee

SWNCC: State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee

UPA: Ukrainian Insurgent Army

RFE: Radio Free Europe

RL: Radio Liberation/Liberty

VOA: Voice of America

April: Iwan Demjanjukis born.

Stalin creates a forced famine in Ukraine.

March: Germany annexes Austria ( Anschluss).

July: Evian Conference is held in Evian-les-Bains, France.

November: Kristallnacht explodes in Germany.

May: German steamer St. Louis leaves Hamburg for Havana, Cuba.

September: Germany invades Poland. Great Britain and France declare war on Germany.

September: Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact.

Winter: U.S. Navy seaman Nathan Schnurman is a victim of mustard gas experiments at the U.S. Army Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland.

January: Iron Guardist Viorel Trifa incites a riot and pogrom in Bucharest, Romania.

June: Germany invades the Soviet Union.

Fall: Demjanjuk is seriously wounded in battle at the Dnieper River.

December: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor. United States declares war on Japan. Nazi Germany and its Axis partners declare war on the United States.

May: Demjanjuk is captured by the German army during the battle of Kerch.

June: Demjanjuk is imprisoned in Kovno, Ukraine.

July: Demjanjuk enters the Trawniki training camp.

September: Demjanjuk serves as a guard at Okszow, Poland.

January: Demjanjuk serves as a guard at Majdanek.

March: Demjanjuk serves as a guard at Sobibor.

April: Bermuda Conference opens.

August: Prisoners at Treblinka revolt.

October: Demjanjuk is transferred to Regensburg, where he receives the SS blood-type tattoo. Prisoners at Sobibor revolt.

June: Allies land on the beaches of Normandy.

September: Germany launches its first V-2 rocket against London.

February: Yalta Conference is convened.

April: Private Galione discovers Camp Dora. Hitler commits suicide. President Roosevelt dies.

May: Germany surrenders to the Western Allies.

August: United States drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.

September: Japan surrenders.

May: Demjanjuk enters a DP camp at Landshut, Germany.

August: President Truman approves Operation Paperclip.

February: George F. Kennan writes the Long Telegram.

July: President Truman signs the National Security Act of 1947, which reorganizes the U.S. military and creates the National Security Council (NSC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

September: Demjanjuk marries Vera Kowlowa in a DP camp in Landshut, Germany.

November: Demjanjuk receives his German driver’s license and begins working for the U.S. Army.

March: Demjanjuk applies for and receives International Refugee Organization (IRO) refugee status.

June: Congress passes the Displaced Persons Act. NSC creates the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC).

August: White House approves Operation Bloodstone.

December: Demjanjuk applies for a U.S. visa.

February: Demjanjuks arrive in the United States.

June: Congress passes a new immigration law opening the door for former Nazis and Nazi collaborators.

November: Demjanjuk receives U.S. citizenship and changes his first name to John.

July: New York Times finds Nazi collaborator Hermine Braunsteiner hiding in Queens, New York.

November: Elizabeth Holtzman is elected to Congress.

December: Anthony DeVito and Vincent Schiano blow the whistle on the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS).

June: New York Times publishes the Karbach list.

September: Demjanjuk’s name appears on Michael Hanusiak’s Ukrainian list.

May: Miriam Radiwker begins investigating Feodor Fedorenko and Demjanjuk in Israel.

August: The U.S. government files charges of immigration fraud against Demjanjuk as Ivan the Terrible.

September: News from Ukraine publishes a story about Demjanjuk as a guard at Sobibor.

May: General Accounting Office issues its first report on Nazis in America.

July: Fedorenko goes on trial in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

September: First photos of the Trawniki card appear in Ukrainian newspapers. Office of Special Investigations (OSI) is created.

November: OSI receives the Fedorenko Protocol and fails to give it to the Demjanjuk defense.

January: OSI attorney George Parker writes the doubt memo. Supreme Court overturns the Fedorenko decision.

February: Demjanjuk’s denaturalization trial opens in Cleveland.

June: Judge Frank Battisti strips Demjanjuk of his U.S. citizenship.

April: Demjanjuk deportation hearing opens.

May: John Loftus exposes The Belarus Secret on CBS’s 60 Minutes.

August: Justice Department releases Allan Ryan’s report on Klaus Barbie.

May: Immigration court orders Demjanjuk deported to the Soviet Union.

April: Federal judge orders that Demjanjuk be extradited to Israel.

July: The GAO issues its second Nazis-in-America report.