Philip Ziegler - The Black Death

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Philip Ziegler follows the course of the black plague as it swept from Asia into Italy and then into the rest of Europe.
When first published in 1969, this study was described by the
as ‘
.’ This new edition of the major study on the subject is illustrated by over seventy contemporary black and white illustrations and eight pages of color.
A series of natural disasters in the furthest reaches of the Orient during the third of the fourteenth century heralded what was, for the population of Europe, the most devastating period of death and destruction in its history. By the autumn of 1347 the Black Death had reached the shores of the eastern Mediterranean, and the years that followed were to witness a horrifying and apparently relentless epidemic.
One third of England’s population died between the years 1347 and 1350, and over one thousand villages were deserted, never to be repopulated. In towns and cities the cemeteries were unable to provide space for all the dead, and violence and crime spiraled. Travel became dangerous and interruption of food and other supplies across the country added hunger and deprivation to the problems of people already overwhelmed by the threat of the vilest of deaths.
In the countryside the population was halved in places, and as land became plentiful, landowners’ profits fell and the government tried in vain to fix labourers’ wages and prices, peasant unrest accelerated and the manorial system disintegrated, culminating eventually in the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381.
Throughout Europe whole societies were disrupted; racial tensions built as a direct result of the plague, and persecution of Jews began in earnest throughout the continent. The social and economic consequences of the period were to reach far into the following century.

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380

2 V . C.H. Worcestershire, Vol. II, p. 32.

381

3 T. R. Nash, History of Worcestershire, London, 1781, Vol. I, p. 226.

382

4 V. Green, History of Worcester, London, 1796, p. 144.

383

5 p. 132 above.

384

6 H. L. V. Fletcher, Herefordshire, London, 1948, p. 22.

385

7 Owen and Blakeway, History of Shrewsbury, London, 1825, Vol. 1, p. 165.

386

8 Gasquet, op. cit., p. 170.

387

9 W. Rees, ‘The Black Death in England and Wales, as exhibited in Manorial Documents’, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Vol. XVI, Pt. 2, p. 34.

388

10 Galfridi le Baker, op. cit., p. 100.

389

11 The subsequent paragraphs draw heavily on W. Rees’s monograph ‘The Black Death in Wales’, Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc., Fourth Series, Vol. III, 1920.

390

12 Court Rolls, Portfolio 218, No. 4, cit. Rees.

391

13 Friar John Clyn, Annals of Ireland, ed. R. Butler, Irish Arch. Soc., Dublin, 1849, p. 37.

392

14 I am fortunate in having been able to consult in proof Chapter VIII of Dr. Otway Ruthven’s History of Mediaeval Ireland (London 1968). A. Gwynn’s monograph ‘The Black Death in Ireland’ ( Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol. XXIV, 1935, pp. 25–42) is also of value.

393

15 A. Gwynn, op. cit., p. 28.

394

16 Annals of Connacht, ed. A. M. Freeman, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1944, cit. Ruthven.

395

17 Galfridi le Baker, op. cit., p. 100.

396

18 op. cit., pp. 62–3.

397

19 Col MacArthur, ‘Old Time Plague in Britain’, Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., Vol. XIX, p. 360.

398

20 Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, ed. W. F. Skene, Edinburgh, 1872.

399

21 Cronykil of Andrew of Wyntoun, ed. D. Laing, Edinburgh, 1872, Vol. II, p. 482.

400

22 David Macpherson’s preface to 1795 edition of the Chronicle, London, p. XVII.

401

23 ed. F. J. Skene, Edinburgh, 1880, p. 225.

402

1 Though see J. C. Russell, British Mediaeval Population, op. cit., p. 54.

403

2 J. Z. Titow, ‘Some Evidence of the 13th Century Population Increase’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. XIV, No. 2, 1961, p. 220.

404

3 M. Postan, ‘Some Economic Evidence of Declining Population in the Later Middle Ages’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. II, 1950, p. 221.

405

4 F. Seebohm, ‘The Black Death and its Place in English History’, Fortnightly Review, Vol. II, 1865, pp. 149–60 and 268–79.

406

5 J. E. T. Rogers, ‘England Before and After the Black Death’, Fortnightly Review, Vol. III, 1865, pp. 191–6.

407

6 F. Seebohm, ‘The Population of England before the Black Death’, Fortnightly Review, Vol. IV, 1866, pp. 87–9.

408

7 J. C. Russell, op. cit. p. 246.

409

8 ibid., pp. 22–33.

410

9 G. C. Homans, English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century, op. cit., pp. 209–12.

411

10 J. Z. Titow, op. cit., p. 222.

412

11 J. Krause, ‘The Mediaeval Household: Large or Small’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. IX, 1957, p. 432.

413

12 G. R. Elton, The Practice of History, Sydney, 1967, p. 34.

414

13 J. C. Russell, ‘Recent Advances in Mediaeval Demography’, Speculum, Vol. XL, No. 1, 1965, p. 84.

415

14 Black Death, op. cit., p. 225.

416

15 p. 131 above.

417

16 ‘Registers of the Bishop of Lincoln’ and ‘Pestilences of the 14th Century in the Diocese of York’, op. cit.

418

17 PhD. thesis, op. cit., p. 126, n. 22, above.

419

18 p. 132 above.

420

19 op. cit., p. 221.

421

20 E. Robo, ‘The Black Death in the Hundred of Farnham’, Eng. Hist. Rev., Vol. XLIV, 1929, p. 560.

422

21 P. D. A. Harvey, A Mediaeval Oxfordshire Village: Cuxham, op. cit., p. 135.

423

22 F. M. Page, The Estates of Cropland Abbey, Cambridge, 1934, p. 125.

424

23 A. E. Levett, ‘The Black Death on the Estates of the See of Winchester’, Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History, Vol. V, Oxford, 1916, pp. 80–81.

425

24 op. cit., p. 216 .

426

25 ibid., p. 367.

427

26 Y. Renouard, ‘Conséquences et intérêt démographique de la Peste Noire de 1348’, Population, III, 1948, p. 459.

428

27 A. Doren, Storia Economica dell’ Italia nel Medio Evo, Padua, 1937. p. 579.

429

1 E. R. Hume, History of England, Vol. II, London, 1796, p. 448.

430

2 R. Henry, The History of Great Britain, Vol. VII, London, 1788, p. 246.

431

3 J. R. Green, History of the English People, Vol. 1, London, 1877, pp. 429–30.

432

4 E. Friedell, Kulturgesicht der Neuzit, Vol. 1, Munich, 1927, p. 62.

433

5 G. M. Trevelyan, English Social History, London, 1942, P. XI.

434

6 J. Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, Vol. 1, Oxford, 1866.

435

7 Greenwood, Epidemics and Crowd Disease, op. cit., p. 291. Cf. J. M. W. Bean, ‘Plague Population and Economic Decline in England in the later Middle Ages’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. XV, 1963, pp. 427–8.

436

8 R. S. Roberts, ‘The Place of Plague in English History’, Proc. Roy. Soc.Med. ( Hist.Med .), Vol. 59, 1966, p. 101.

437

9 Thorold Rogers, for instance, argued that England could not have supported a population of more than 2½ million. Fortnightly Review, Vol. II, 1865, pp. 191–6.

438

10 P. Vinogradoff, Review of ‘ The End of Villainage in England ’ by T. W. Page, Eng. Hist. Rev., Vol. XV, 1900, p. 776.

439

11 A. E. Levett, The Black Death on the Estates of the See of Winchester, Oxford, 1916, p. 63.

440

12 Black Death, op. cit., p. 46.

441

13 J. T. Rogers, op. cit., p. 265.

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