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Philip Ziegler - The Black Death

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Название:
The Black Death
Автор:
Philip Ziegler
Издательство:
Faber and Faber
Жанр:
История / на английском языке
Год:
2012
Город:
London
ISBN:
978-0-571-28711-6
Рейтинг книги:
4 / 5. Голосов: 1
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Philip Ziegler follows the course of the black plague as it swept from Asia into Italy and then into the rest of Europe.
When first published in 1969, this study was described by the
as ‘
.’ This new edition of the major study on the subject is illustrated by over seventy contemporary black and white illustrations and eight pages of color.
A series of natural disasters in the furthest reaches of the Orient during the third of the fourteenth century heralded what was, for the population of Europe, the most devastating period of death and destruction in its history. By the autumn of 1347 the Black Death had reached the shores of the eastern Mediterranean, and the years that followed were to witness a horrifying and apparently relentless epidemic.
One third of England’s population died between the years 1347 and 1350, and over one thousand villages were deserted, never to be repopulated. In towns and cities the cemeteries were unable to provide space for all the dead, and violence and crime spiraled. Travel became dangerous and interruption of food and other supplies across the country added hunger and deprivation to the problems of people already overwhelmed by the threat of the vilest of deaths.
In the countryside the population was halved in places, and as land became plentiful, landowners’ profits fell and the government tried in vain to fix labourers’ wages and prices, peasant unrest accelerated and the manorial system disintegrated, culminating eventually in the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381.
Throughout Europe whole societies were disrupted; racial tensions built as a direct result of the plague, and persecution of Jews began in earnest throughout the continent. The social and economic consequences of the period were to reach far into the following century.

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176

25 Henry of Herford, op. cit., p. 282.

177

26 A. Lopez de Meneses, ‘Documentos acerca de la Peste Negra en los dominion de la Corona de Aragon’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Vol. VI, 1956, p. 301.

178

27 G. Sticker, Die Geschichte der Pest, op. cit., p. 59.

179

28 Lea, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 380.

180

29 H. Dubled, ‘Aspects économiques de la vie de Strasbourg aux XIH eet XIV esiècles’, Archives de l’Église d ’ Alsace, N.S., Tome VI, 1955, pp. 23–56.

181

30 N. Cohn, Pursuit of the Millenium, London, 1957, p. 124.

182

31 Ibid, p. 387.

183

32 Ilza Veith, ‘Plague and Polities’, Bull. Hist Med., Vol. XXVIII, 1954, p. 409.

184

33 cit. Hecker, p. 38.

185

34 p. 21 above.

186

35 cit Nohl, p. 252.

187

36 Guillaume de Machaut Jugement du Roy de Navarre.

188

37 S. Guerchberg, ‘La controverse sur les prétendus semeurs de la Peste Noire’, Revue des Études Juives, N.S., Tome VIII, 1948, pp. 3–40.

189

38 E. Wickersheimer, ‘La Peste Noire à Strasbourg’, Proc. 3rd Int. Cong. Hist. Med., Antwerp, 1923, p. 54.

190

39 Text of confessions quoted by Hecker, op. cit., pp. 70–74.

191

40 Matthew of Neueburg, op. cit., p. 262.

192

41 Heinricus de Diessenhoven, Fontes Rerum Germanicarum, Vol. IV, p. 68.

193

42 Michael Kleinlawel, Strassburgische Chronik., cit. Nohl, p. 242.

194

43 Heinrici Rebdorfensis, ‘Annales Imperatorum’, Fontes Rerum Germanicarum, Vol. IV, p. 534.

195

44 ‘Aegidii Li Muisis’, De Smet, op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 342–3.

196

45 See, in particular, R. Hoeniger, Der Schwarze Tod in Deutschland, Berlin, 1882, pp. 9–11.

197

46 4 July and 26 Sept 1348, Raynaldus, Annales eccles. ed. Mansi, Vol. VI, 1750, p. 476.

198

47 Hecker, op. cit., p. 42.

199

48 Haeser, op. cit., Vol. III, p. 181.

200

49 J. Parkes, The Jews in the Mediaeval Community, London, 1938, p. 118.

201

50 A. Lopez de Meneses, ‘Una consecuencia de la Peste Negra en Cataluña: el pogrom de 1348’. Sefarad, XIX, 1959, p. 92.

202

51 ‘Documentos acerca de la Peste Negra en los dominios de la Corona de Aragon’, Consejo superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Vol. VI, 1956, p. 298.

203

52 L. Bertrand, ‘Contribution à l’Étude de la Peste dans les Flandres’, Proc. 2nd Int. Cong. Hist. Med., Evreux, 1922, p. 43.

204

1 C. S. Bartsocas, Journal of the History of Medicine, Vol. XXI, No. 4, 1966, p. 395.

205

2 op. cit., p. 13.

206

3 Farlati, Illyricum Sacrum, iii, p. 324.

207

4 Historia, iii, p. 406.

208

5 Gasquet, op. cit., p. 78.

209

6 Nohl, op. cit., p. 37.

210

7 op. cit., p. 28.

211

8 C. Verlinden’s monograph, ‘La Grande Peste de 1348 en Espagne’, in the Revue beige de Philologie et d’Histoire, XVII, 1938, p. 103, is the best general study yet published.

212

9 ‘Documentos acerca de la Peste Negra en los dominios de la Corona de Aragon’, op. cit., p.291 and ‘Una consecuencia de la Peste Negra en Cataluña: el pogrom de 1348’, op. cit., p. 92.

213

10 ‘Documentos acerca…’ op. cit., 20 April, 1348.

214

11 Philippe, Histoire de la Peste Noire, p. 54.

215

12 Sudhoff, Archiv, XIX, pp. 46–8.

216

13 Walsingham, R. S., 28, I, p. 273; cf. Capgrave, R. S. 1, p. 213. (This may not relate to Spain in particular though it could as well apply there.)

217

14 ‘Chronicon ma jus Aegidii Li Muisis’, De Smet, Vol. 11, p. 280.

218

1 E. M. Carus Wilson, Mediaeval Merchant Venturers, London 1945, p. 240 et seq.

219

2 G. A. Holmes, The Estates of the Higher Nobility in 14th Century England, Cambridge, 1957, p.5.

220

3 E. B. Fryde, ‘The Last Trials of Sir William de Pole’, Econ. Hist. Rev. Ser., Vol. XV, 1962, p. 17.

221

4 E. A. Kosminsky, Studies in the Agrarian History of England, Oxford, 1956, pp. 3 22–3.

222

5 J. C. Russell, British Mediaeval Population, Albuquerque, 1948, p. 287.

223

6 This figure is far from uncontested. Bennett suggests it may have been as low as 5,000 but most authorities agree that it lost population heavily between 1348 and 1377 and the poll tax figure for the latter date (always an under-estimate) was nearly 6,000.

224

7 ‘A 14th Century Chronicle from the Grey Friars at Lynn’, ed. A. Grandsen, Eng. Hist. Rev., Vol. LXXII, 1957, p. 2. 74.

225

8 Chronica Monasterii de Melsa, R.S. 43 III, p.68. See also Higden’s Polychronicon, R.S. 41 VIII, 355.

226

9 Knighton, op. cit., p. 61.

227

10 Capgrave, ed. F.C. Hingeston, R.S. 1, p. 213.

228

11 Eulogium ( Historiarum sive Temporis ), R.S. 9 III, p. 213.

229

12 Canon of Bridlington’s Chronicle (R.S. 76 II, p. 149), Galfridi le Baker, op. cit., p. 99.

230

13 Continuatio Chronicarum, R.S. 93, p. 406.

231

14 ‘Vitae Archiepiscoporum’, Anglia Sacra, Vol. 1, p. 42.

232

15 Originalia Roll, 24 Ed. III, m. 2., cit. Gasquet, p. 81.

233

16 Studies in Agrarian History, op. cit., p. 321.

234

17 Revue beige de Philologie et d’Histoire, XXVII, 1950, p. 600.

235

18 op. cit., pp. 86–9.

236

19 J. M. Fletcher, ‘The Black Death in Dorset’, Dorset Nat Hist. Ant. Field Club., Vol. XLIII, 1922, p. 1.

237

20 Hist. MSS. Comm., 6th Report, p. 475.

238

21 Wilkins, Concilia, ii, pp. 735–6.

239

22 Dr J. Lunn’s Ph. D. thesis of 1930. Most unfortunately no copy of this survives but many of its valuable statistics are quoted in Dr Coulton’s Mediaeval Panorama (pp.495–9 and notes).