Philip Ziegler - The Black Death
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- Название:The Black Death
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- Издательство:Faber and Faber
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- Год:2012
- Город:London
- ISBN:978-0-571-28711-6
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The Black Death: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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When first published in 1969, this study was described by the
as ‘
.’ This new edition of the major study on the subject is illustrated by over seventy contemporary black and white illustrations and eight pages of color.
A series of natural disasters in the furthest reaches of the Orient during the third of the fourteenth century heralded what was, for the population of Europe, the most devastating period of death and destruction in its history. By the autumn of 1347 the Black Death had reached the shores of the eastern Mediterranean, and the years that followed were to witness a horrifying and apparently relentless epidemic.
One third of England’s population died between the years 1347 and 1350, and over one thousand villages were deserted, never to be repopulated. In towns and cities the cemeteries were unable to provide space for all the dead, and violence and crime spiraled. Travel became dangerous and interruption of food and other supplies across the country added hunger and deprivation to the problems of people already overwhelmed by the threat of the vilest of deaths.
In the countryside the population was halved in places, and as land became plentiful, landowners’ profits fell and the government tried in vain to fix labourers’ wages and prices, peasant unrest accelerated and the manorial system disintegrated, culminating eventually in the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381.
Throughout Europe whole societies were disrupted; racial tensions built as a direct result of the plague, and persecution of Jews began in earnest throughout the continent. The social and economic consequences of the period were to reach far into the following century.
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Copyright
This ebook edition first published in 2012
by Faber and Faber Ltd
Bloomsbury House
74–77 Great Russell Street
London WC1B 3DA
All rights reserved
© Philip Ziegler, 1969, 1998
Historiography © Colin Platt, 1998
The right of Philip Ziegler to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with Section 77 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
This ebook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights, and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly
ISBN 978–0–571–28711–6
Footnotes
1
For this and subsequent extracts from The Canterbury Tales I append as a footnote Professor Coghill’s admirable rendering published by Penguin Books.
Water in rubefaction; bullock’s gall,
Arsenic, brimstone, sal ammoniac,
And herbs that I could mention by the sack,
Moonwort, valerian, agrimony and such.
2
God’s blessing on you, Doctor, not forgetting
Your various urinals and chamber pots,
Bottles, medicaments and cordial tots
And boxes brimming all with panaceas.
3
…supported by the Crown
For the foul lucre of their usury,
Hateful to Christ and all his company.
4
A holy-minded man of good renown
There was, and poor, the Parson to the town…
…He did not set his benefice to hire
And leave his sheep encumbered in the mire
Or run to London to earn easy bread
By singing masses for the wealthy dead,
Or find some Brotherhood and get enrolled.
He stayed at home and watched over his fold.
5
…a poor old widow
In a small cottage by a little meadow…
Three hefty sows, no more, were all her showing,
Three cows as well; there was a sheep called Molly,
Sooty her hall, her kitchen melancholy,
And there she ate full many a slender meal…
She drank no wine, nor white nor red had got,
Her board was mostly served with white and black;
Milk and brown bread; in which she found no lack;
Broiled bacon or an egg or two were common,
She was, in fact, a sort of dairy woman…
6
For Holy Church’s goods should be expended
On Holy Church’s blood, so well descended
And holy blood should have what’s proper to it
Though Holy Church should be devoured to do it!
Sources
1
1 J. F. C. Hecker, The Epidemics of the Middle Ages, (Trad. B. G. Babington) London, 1859, p.11. Cf. Abbé des Guignes, Histoire des Huns, Paris, 1757.
2
2 Voyages de Ibn-Batoutah, Société Asiatique, Paris, 1853.
3
3 De Smet, ‘Breve Chronicon clerici anonymi’, Recueil des Chroniquesde Flandres, Vol. III, p.14.
4
4 Storie Pistoresi, Muratori 11, V. p.237.
5
5 Chronicon Estense, Muratori 15, III, p.160.
6
6 Hecker, op. cit., p.21.
7
7 Haeser, Archiv für die gesamte Medizin, Jena, Vol. II, p.29.
8
8 A. G. Tononi, ‘La Peste dell’ Anno 1348’, Giornale Ligustico, Genoa, Vol X, 1883, p.139.
9
9 G. Vernadsky, The Mongols and Russia, Yale, 1959.
10
10 Haeser, op. cit., Vol. II, pp.48–9.
11
11 C. S. Bartsocas, ‘Two 14th Century Greek Descriptions of the “Black Death”’, Journ. Hist. Med., Vol. XXI, No. 4, 1966, p.395.
12
12 Chronicon Estense, op. cit., p. 160.
13
13 De Smet, op. cit., Vol. III, pp. 14–15.
14
14 S. d’Irsay, ‘Notes to the Origin of the Expression: Atra Mors’, Isis, Vol. 8, 1926, p.328.
15
15 R. Kjennerud, Journal of the History of Medicine, Vol. III, 1948, P.359.
16
16 Gasquet, The Black Death, London, 1908, p.8.
17
17 J. Michon, Documents inédits sur la Grande Peste de 1348, Paris, 1860, p.11.
18
18 J. Nohl, Der Schwarze Tod, Potsdam, 1924, p.11.
19
19 Boccaccio, Decameron, Trans. J.M. Rigg, London, 1930, p.5.
20
20 e.g. Lechner, Das grosse Sterben, p.15; or plague tractates of Ibn Khātimah or Gentile da Foligno.
21
21 La Grande Chirurgie, ed. E. Nicaise, Paris, 1890, p. 171.
22
22 Chronicon Galfridi le Baker, ed. E. Maunde Thompson, Oxford, 1889, p. 99.
23
23 Simon of Covino, Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, 1840–41 Ser. I, Vol. 2, p. 241.
24
24 J. P. Papon, De la Peste ou Époques mémorables de ce Fléau. Vol. I, p. 115.
25
25 Ibn Khātimah, Sudhoff, Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin. Vol XIX, 1927, p. 30.
26
26 Ibn al Khatīb, Sitzungsberichte der Königl: bayer, Munich, 1863, II, P. 1.
27
27 Alfonso de Cordova, Sudhoff, Archiv, III, p. 225.
28
28 ‘Utrum mortalitas…’ Sudhoff, Archiv, XI, p. 44. Cf. Konrade of Megenberg, Buch der Natur , ed. Pfeiffer, Berlin, 1870.
29
29 Hirst, The Conquest of Plague, Oxford, 1953, p. 28.
30
30 De Smet, op. cit., Breve Chronicon, Vol. III, p.15.
31
31 ‘Tractatus de epidemia’, Michon, Documents inédits, op. cit., p. 46.
32
32 C. Creighton, History of Epidemics in Britain, Cambridge, 1891, p. 175.
33
33 The most useful studies of bubonic plague which make special reference to the Black Death are Greenwood’s Epidemics and Crowd Diseases, Pollitzer’s Plague and Hirst’s The Conquest of Plague.
34
34 J. Stewart, The Nestorian Missionary Enterprise, Edinburgh, 1928, p. 209.
35
35 R. Pollitzer, Plague, W.H.O. Publication, Geneva, 1954, p. 13.
36
36 Jorge, Bull. Off. Int. Hyg. Publ. Vol. 25, 1933, p. 425.
37
37 MacArthur, ‘Old Time Plague in Britain’, Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., Vol. XIX, p. 355.
38
38 Reports on Plague Investigations in India. No. 39 of 1910.
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