Matthew Brzezinski - Red Moon Rising

dismantled, for NASA, 277

Jupiter C missile and, 134

satellite prepared and launched by, 247–51, 253–56, 258–67, 276

satellite race and, 166, 178–79, 181, 185–87, 218–20, 224–26, 238

Sputnik launch and, 161–68

Wilson tour and funding of, 45–48, 51–52, 54–55

Ascoli, Max, 173

Associated Press, 178, 220

astronaut, 108, 121

Astronautical Research and Development Agency (ARDA), proposed, 223

Astronomer’s Circular, 136

Atlas ICBM, 52, 102, 129, 144, 249, 251, 269

atomic bomb, 35, 40, 89, 148

Atomic Energy Commission, 248

atomic spaceship, 234–35

Auschwitz, 8, 12

Aviation Day air show, 58

B-29 bomber, 26

B-47 long-range bombers, 24–25, 38

B-52 Stratofortress, 25, 38, 59, 79, 101

Balanin, Grigory, 105

Balanina, Maria, 103–7

Barmin, Vladimir, 102, 198, 202

Bay of Pigs fiasco, 270–71

BBC, 76

Bear bombers, 26, 55, 57, 127

Bell Laboratories, 82, 119, 226

Bennett, Rawson, 171

Beon, Yves, 12

Bergaust, Erik, 82, 238

Beria, Lavrenty, 18–19, 29, 42, 61, 67, 71, 109, 190

Berlin airlift, 88–89

Birmingham News, 177

Bison bombers, 26, 55, 57–58, 127

Bissell, Richard, 117–25, 127, 131–35, 185, 249–51, 270–71, 276

“black list” of German scientists, 9

blacklists, McCarthyite, 67, 88–89

“black” military programs, 119

Boeing, 26, 59, 278

Bohlen, Charles, 124, 130

bombers and “bomber gap,” 24–26, 38, 50, 53, 55, 57–59, 80–81, 94, 101, 117, 127, 131, 218

Boyle’s law, 121, 123

Braden, Spruille, 118

Bradley, Omar, 46, 48

Brezhnev, Leonid, 111, 149, 195, 272

Bridger, Jim, 225

Bridges, Styles, 214, 216

Brown v. Board of Education, 136–37

Brucker, Wilbur, 164–65, 265, 267

Brundage, Percival, 226

Bukharin, Nikolai, 21

Bulganin, Nikolai, 18, 28, 30, 41–42, 44, 74, 76, 109, 112

Bulgaria, 63

Bulychev, Ivan, 144

Burrows, William, 133

C-118 plane, 126

Cadbury, Deborah, 108

Cape Canaveral, 153, 232–34, 238–40, 242, 250–51, 253, 255, 258–67

Caro, Robert A., 252

Castro, Fidel, 271

Catherine the Great, czarina of Russia, 206

Catholic Church, 73

CBS, 172, 196

Central Committee, USSR, 27, 31–32, 72, 112, 192, 272

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 18, 23, 25–27, 31, 33, 39, 44, 58, 73, 94, 215, 241, 273

satellites and, 134, 227, 249–51

U-2 and, 116–21, 126–28, 130–32, 270

Vietnam and, 274–75

Chechens, 32

Chekunov, Boris, 156–57, 159

Chelomey, Vladimir, 100–101

Chertok, Boris, 6–8, 11–15, 39, 68, 85, 96, 98–100, 113–15, 154, 198

Chicago Tribune, 180

China, 89, 184, 199, 208–9

Chrysler Corp., 51–52, 224

Churchill, Winston, 237

Civil Rights Act (1957), 138

civil rights movement, 90, 136–41, 182–84

CL-282 Aquatone ( later U-2 plane), 116, 119

Clarke, John, 4–5

Clarke, Rosemary Ann, 4, 5

Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain), 118

college loan program, 222–23, 274

Commerce Department, 169, 223

communism

collapse of, 246

Republican fear of, 23–24

Communist Party of the USSR, 21, 22, 28, 111

Seventeenth Party Congress, 32

Twentieth Party Congress, 18, 30–33, 42, 60, 208

concentration camps, 11–12, 84

Corona spy satellite, 251, 271

cosmonaut, 108

Council of Ministers, USSR, 27–28

Craig, May, 180

Cronkite, Walter, 233

Cuba, 101, 270–72

missile crisis, 271–72

Czechoslovakia, 63

Dahm, Wernher, 90

D-Day invasion, 46, 257, 262–63

Debus, Kurt, 261–64, 266

Defense Department (Pentagon), U.S., 46, 50–52, 54, 79, 130, 136, 163, 220, 223, 225, 254, 265

Defense Reorganization Act (1958), 274

Democratic Party, 23, 50, 55–59, 78–79, 85, 132, 135–39, 141, 167, 169, 174, 176, 178, 182–83, 214–15, 221–22, 230–31, 242, 274

de-Stalinization, 41–42, 72–73, 111

Dewey, Thomas, 56

Dickson, Paul, 170–71

Dingell, John, 85

DirectTV, 278

Discover satellite program, 251

Disney, Roy, 90

Disney, Walt, 90–92, 234

Disneyland (TV show), 90, 121, 234

Dixiecrats, 182–83

Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 62

dog in space. See Sputnik II

Dora concentration camp, 11–12

Dornberger, Walter, 235–37

Douglas Aircraft, 82

Dulles, Allen, 23, 26, 75–76, 117–20, 123–25, 131, 134, 184–85, 244, 250, 271

Dulles, John Foster, 23–24, 47, 55, 74–75, 118, 120–21, 123, 125–26, 131, 149, 169, 171, 215, 217, 221, 240–41, 243–45, 256–57, 275–76

Eastern Europe, 37, 41–42, 72–73, 76, 185

East Germany, 63

Eckford, Elizabeth, 139

economy

Eastern European, 7, 73

U.S., 49, 51, 91, 169–70, 174, 223–24

USSR, 19–20, 36–39, 273

Eden, Anthony, 76

education gap, 222–23, 274

Egypt, 76, 78, 184–85

Einstein, Albert, 85

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 9, 262

Bay of Pigs and, 270

“Chin Up” speeches of, 217–20, 257

criticism of, post-Sputnik II and Vanguard, 221–24, 226, 229–32

D-Day and, 262–63

Dulles and, 23–24

election of 1956 and “bomber gap,” 55–59, 76, 78–79

Explorer and, 248, 256–58, 265

health problems of, 231–32, 242–44

Hungarian revolution and, 75–76

ICBMs and, 81

Khrushchev and, 204, 206

legacy of, 275–76

Little Rock crisis and, 136–41, 168–69

Medaris and, 48

military spending and, 38, 50

missile program and, 52–53, 132, 148, 269

Nixon and, 54–56, 275

satellite programs and, 93–94, 135, 163, 168, 170–71, 250

Sputnik successes and, 174, 176–86, 204, 214–18, 219–22, 229–30, 251–53, 276

Suez Canal and, 76

summit of 1955 and, 24, 28

summit of 1957 and, 242–43, 256

U-2 and, 117–23, 127, 130–31, 270

Vanguard and, 226, 240–44

Eisenhower, Mamie, 170

elections, U.S.of 1952, 55–56

of 1956, 53, 55, 57–59, 76, 78–79, 137

of 1958, 214

of 1960, 138, 169, 274–75

Ellender, Allen, 135, 148, 165

Ericson, Bob, 120

Europe, 36–37, 185, 240, 243, 256–57, 269

European Assembly, 200

Evans, Rowland, 183

Explorer satellite, 255–56, 258–67, 276–77. See also Jupiter C ICBM

Faubus, Orval E., 139–40, 168–69

FBI, 89

Federation of American Scientists, 85

“ferret” missions, 126

First Army Group, U.S., 46

First Belorussian Red Army Group, 10

First Ukrainian Red Army Group, 6

Ford Foundation, 220

Fort Bliss army base, 84–85, 87–88

Fortune, 170

485th Artillery Battalion, German, 2

France, 36, 75–76, 83, 185, 240

Frolov, Piotr, 107

Fulton, James, 171

Gagarin, Yuri, 268–69

Gaither, H. Rowan, 220–21

Gaither report, 220–22

Galione, John M., 10–11

Galloway, Eilene, 230

Gardner, Trevor, 219

Gavin, James A., 51, 135, 162–65, 219–20, 224

General Dynamics, 251

General Electric, 49, 225–28, 238, 258

General Motors (GM), 48–49, 51, 82, 91–92

Georgian uprising of 1956, 60–64

Gerchik, K. V., 143, 149

Gestapo, 261

GIRD-09 rocket, 108

Glushko, Valentin, 33–34, 39, 65–72, 95, 101–3, 109, 143, 147, 149–50, 153, 158–59, 198, 202, 205, 210, 245–47, 271, 273

Goldstone tracking station, 267

Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 73–74

Goodpaster, Andrew J., 119, 177, 243, 249–50