Stephen Fritz - Frontsoldaten

Stephenson, Jill. “‘Emancipation’ and Its Problems: War and Society in Württemberg, 1939–1945.” European History Quarterly 17 (1987): 345–65.

——. “Modernization, Emancipation, Mobilization: Nazi Society Reconsidered.” In Elections, Mass Politics, and Social Change in Modern Germany, ed. Larry E. Jones and James Retallack. New York, 1992.

Stern, Fritz. “Germany 1933: Fifty Years Later.” In Dreams and Delusions: National Socialism in the Drama of the German Past, ed. Fritz Stern, pp. 119–46. New York, 1987.

——. “National Socialism as Temptation.” Dreams and Delusions. National Socialism in the Drama of the German Past, ed. Fritz Stern, pp. 147–91. New York, 1987.

Stouffer, Samuel, et al. The American Soldier. 2 vols. Princeton, N.J., 1949.

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Zydowitz, Kurt von. Die Geschichte der 58. Infanterie-Division, 1939–1945. Kiel, 1952.

Aicher, Otl: strain, 95

Albertsen, Erich: training, 25

alcohol: coping with stress, 73, 120; use against cold, 113

Altner, Helmut: lost years, 221; strain, 95

American soldiers: German view of, 61

Andersch, Alfred (novelist): and war literature, 231

Ansbacher, H.L. (historian): on Landsers’ support for National Socialism, 210-11

anti-tank warfare: accounts of tank destruction, 41-42, 44, 48, 88-89; training for, 23

anxiety. See fear; psychological conditions; stress

Aretin-Eggert, Max: combat, 45; sensations, 138; strain, 85, 88

atrocities: against civilians, 50-51, 57-58, 97-98; against Jews, 58-59, 198; against partisans, 50-51, 56; against prisoners, 52-57; soldiers’ reaction to, 52-55, 57-59; Wehrmacht policy, 54, 97, 199

Bader, Rudolf: sensations, 147

Barbusse, Henri (novelist): on effect of rain, 106

Bartov, Omer (historian): ideological motivation of Landsers, 206, 266 n 35; on Landsers’ support for National Socialism, 241; on politicization of discipline in Wehrmacht, 239

battle. See combat

Becker-Glauch, Reinhard: sensations, 144, 148; ideology, 211

Beckering, Bernhard: combat, 42-43; comradeship, 183; sensations, 143; strain, 99-100, 103

Benn, Gottfried (novelist): on National Socialism, 208; on “new man,” 188

Blohm, Hermann: training, 26

bodily functions: and cold, 117

Böhringer, Friedrich: sensations, 143

Böll, Heinrich (novelist): and war literature, 231

Bollweg, Ansgar: ideology, 189; sensations, 137-38

Borscheid, Peter (historian): on everyday history, 7

Brauchitsch, Field Marshal Walter von: on National Socialism, 208

Brecht, Bertholt (author): on suffering, 37

Browning, Christopher (historian): on atrocities, 50, 54; on everyday history, 5

Buhl, Bernhard: comradeship, 172, 178; natural forces, 119

camaraderie. See comradeship

Canadian soldiers: German view of, 61

casualties: cries of wounded, 47, 114, 151; evacuation of, 64-67; impact on units, 191-92; medical treatment of, 64; reaction to being wounded, 63, 65-67, 141-42; as result of weather, 112-13

censorship: of letters, 8-9

climate: cold and snow, 110-14, 117; dust, 108; fear of Russian winter, 109-10; impact of, 104-5, 111; mud, 106-7; rain, 105-6

combat: artillery, fear of, 62-63; atrocities in, 50-58; breakdown in, 88-89, 137-40; comparisons with earlier wars, 153-54; death in, 34-35, 45-48; destructiveness of, 45-47, 50; enemy, view of, 59-61, 204; exhilaration of, 50, 146-47, 149-50; in extreme weather, 113-14; fear in, 30, 32-33, 39-40, 46, 135-41, 146; first impressions of, 33-35; Flucht nach vorn, 83; impact of casualties, 191-92; impact on horses, 153; inability to describe, 37; isolation at front, 36-37, 111, 166; numbness in, 35, 46, 88; panic in, 70-71, 97; personal nature of, 31-32, 36, 38-45, 49; reaction to, 36-37, 41, 47, 49, 53, 67-68, 88, 98, 146; reflections on, 37, 45, 49-50, 103, 147-48, 193; smells of, 34, 152-53; sounds of, 40, 42, 47, 150-52; as a test, 135-36; training, effects of, 13, 19-20, 24-25, 28, 46. See also psychological conditions; stress

comradeship: between officers and men, 18, 25, 158, 167; and civilian morale, 183; development of, 18-19, 167; and egalitarianism, 158, 183; and fighting effectiveness, 159, 235; group acceptance, 165; group loyalty, 173-75; and Hitler Youth, 160-61; importance of, 156-57, 164-69, 174, 235; intensity of, 172-73, 179-80; loss of, 184; and morale, 82-83; and mutual obligation, 98, 169-71, 175, 206; nature of, 156-57, 166, 170, 184-86; and notion of family, 18-19, 164, 236; pain at death of comrade, 175-78, 184-85; pride in unit, 173-74; sense of uniqueness, 181-82; shared experiences, 167-68; and training, 18-19, 25; and tug of front, 178-79; and Volksgemeinschaft, 157, 159, 182-84, 236, 238; Wehrmacht efforts to create, 157-59