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Barry Strauss - The Spartacus War

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Название:
The Spartacus War
Автор:
Barry S. Strauss
Жанр:
История / на английском языке
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неизвестен
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The Spartacus War is the extraordinary story of the most famous slave rebellion in the ancient world, the true story behind a legend that has been the inspiration for novelists, filmmakers, and revolutionaries for 2,000 years.
Starting with only seventy-four men and growing to an army of 60,000, the gladiator Spartacus incited a rebellion that threatened Rome itself. A charismatic leader, Spartacus excelled in combat. He defeated nine Roman armies and kept Roman forces at bay for two years before he was defeated. After his final battle, 6,000 of his followers were captured and crucified along Rome’s main southern highway.
The Spartacus War is the dramatic and factual account of one of history’s great rebellions, based on written documents and on archaeological evidence, historical reconstruction, and the author’s extensive travels in the Italian countryside that Spartacus once conquered.

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147

Thucydides, Peloponnesian War 4.24.5, trans. Robert Strassler, ed., The Landmark Thucydides, a Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 236.

148

Thucydides, Peloponnesian War 6.2.4.

149

Cassius Dio, Book 11.14.29, 439-40, trans. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/ll*.html; cf. H.H. Scullard, The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974), 16,149,152.

150

Sallust, Histories frg. 4.26.

151

some scholars place the crossing further north, at Scilla, but that town lies outside the strait, where Plutarch, Crassus 10.3-4 insists on putting Spartacus.

152

Florus, Epitome 2.8.13.

153

Sallust, Histories frg. 4.27, trans. Patrick McGushin, Sallust, The Histories, vol. 2 Oxford: Clarendon Press, (1994), 43.

154

Cicero, Verrines 6.5.

155

Appian, Civil Wars, 1.119.552.

156

Appian, Civil Wars 1.119.552.

157

Plutarch, Crassus 10.7.

158

Plutarch, Crassus 10.8.

159

Appian, Civil Wars 1.118.551.

160

Plutarch, Crassus 10.8.

161

Appian, Civil Wars 1.119.553.

162

Appian, Civil Wars 1.119.553.

163

Appian, Civil Wars 1.119.554.

164

Plutarch, Crassus 11.3.

165

Paulinus of Nola, Poems 17.206.

166

technically Marcus Varro is correct, since Marcus had been adopted as an adult by one Terentius Varro, but for simplicity’s sake I use his birth name.

167

Valerius Maximus 6.2.8.

168

Tacitus, Annals 3.73; cf. Appian, Civil Wars 1.120.556.

169

Tacitus, Annals 3.73.

170

Sallust, Histories frg. 4.36.

171

Tacitus, Annals 4.51.

172

Appian, Civil Wars 1.119.552.

173

Sallust, Histories frg. 4.37, trans. Patrick McGushin, Sallust, The Histories, vol. 2 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 44.

174

Caesar, Gallic War, cited without reference in Jean-Louis Brunaux, The Celtic Gauls: Gods, Rites and Sanctuaries, trans. Daphne Nash (London: Seaby, 1988), 102.

175

Gallic inscription, cited in Philip Freeman, The Philosopher and the Druids: A Journey Among the Ancient Celts (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 125.

176

Sallust, Histories frg. 4.40.

177

Plutarch, Crassus 11.5.

178

Ammianus Marcellinus, Histories 15.12.

179

or, more accurately, *riyos, personal communication, Professor Michael Weiss, Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.

180

Plutarch, Crassus 11.5.

181

http://www.comune.giungano.sa.it/.

182

Orosius, Histories 5.24.6.

183

Livy, Periochae 97; Frontinus, Stratagems 2.5.34.

184

Plutarch, Crassus 11.5.

185

Plutarch, Crassus 11.5.

186

Caesar, Gallic War 1.26.

187

Plutarch, Crassus 11.6.

188

Orosius, Histories 5.24.6.

189

Appian, Civil Wars 1.120.557.

190

Plutarch, Crassus 11.6.

191

Plutarch, Crassus 11.6.

192

Orosius, Histories 5.24.3.

193

Orosius, Histories 5.24.3.

194

Suetonius, Life of Horace.

195

On Duties 1.42.

196

Appian, Civil Wars 1.120.557.

197

Plutarch, Crassus 11.8.

198

Appian, Civil Wars 1.120.557.

199

Appian, Civil Wars 1.120.557.

200

Orosius, Histories 5.24.7.

201

Florus, Epitome 2.7.9-12; Diodorus Siculus 36.10.3.

202

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_Earthquake_of_1980.

203

Sallust, Histories frg. 4.39; Plutarch, Comparison of Nicas and Crassus (Crassus 36(3).2); cf. Patrick McGushin, Sallust, The Histories, vol. 2 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 155-6.

204

Plutarch, Crassus 11.8.

205

Frontinus, Stratagems 4.7.2.

206

Caesar, African War 29.

207

Plutarch, Sulla 21.2.

208

Plutarch, Crassus 11.8.

209

Plutarch, Crassus 11.9.

210

Florus, Epitome 2.26.13-16.

211

there was a revolt in the southern Thracian mountains in AD 26. When besieged, the braver spirits ‘after the manner of their country were disporting themselves with songs and dances in front of the rampart’ (Tacitus, Annals 4.47, trans. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann. +4.47). See R.F. Hoddinott, The Thracians (London: Thames & Hudson, 1981), 130.

212

Plutarch, Crassus 11.9.

213

Plutarch, Crassus 11.10.

214

Florus, Epitome 2.8.14.

215

Plutarch, Crassus 11.9.

216

Plutarch, Crassus 11.10.

217

Appian, Civil Wars 1.120.557.

218

Sallust, Histories frg. 4.41.

219

Florus, Epitome 2.8.14.

220

Appian, Civil Wars 1.120.557.

221

Florus, Epitome 2.8.14.

222

Seneca, Controversies 9.6, cited in Alison Futrell, The Roman Games (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 144.

223

Appian, Civil War 1.120.558.

224

Florus, Epitome 2.8.14, trans. Brent D. Shaw, Spartacus and the Slave Wars (Boston: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2001), 155.

225

Livy, Periochae 97; Orosius, Histories 5.24.7. The casualty figure of 12,300 in Plutarch, Pompey 21.2 probably refers to the Battle of Cantenna.

226

Appian, Civil War 1.120.558.

227

Theodor Mommsen, ed., Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. X, Inscriptiones Bruttiorum, Lucaniae, Campaniae, Sicilae, Sardiniae latinae (Berlin: G. Reimer, 1883) Part 2, 8070.3 = A. Degrassi and I. Krummrey, eds., Inscriptiones Latinae antiquissimae ad C. Caesaris mortem vol. I, 2nd edition (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1986) Part 2, Fasc. 4,961.

228

Appian, Civil War 1.120.559.

229

‘terrible cross’ of the slaves in Plautus (Martin Hengel, Crucifixion in the Ancient World and the Folly of the Message of the Cross (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977), 7, n.13.