Plutarch, Crassus 9.8.
Sallust, Histories frg. 3.98A.
Sallust, Histories frg. 3.98A.
Sallust, Histories frg. 3.97.
Juvenal, Satires 8.180; Horace, Epistles 2.2.177sqq., Epodes 1.27sq.
Sallust, Histories frg. 3.98B.
Diodorus Siculus 5.32.5.
Strabo, Geography 7.2.3.
Sallust, Histories frg. 3.98B.
Ricigliano, see http://ricigliano.asmenet.it/ and Piera Carlomagno, ed., La Provincia di Salerno, Guida Turistica (Sarno, Italy: Edizioni dell’Ippogrifo, 2004), 362-3.
Vittorio Bracco, ‘I materiali epigrafici’, in Bruno d’Agostino, ed, Storia del Vallo di Diano, vol. 1, Eta‘ Antica (Salerno: Pietro Laveglia Editore, 1981), 256.
Sallust, Histories frg. 3.98C.
Sallust, Histories frg. 3.98D.
R.J. Buck, ‘The Ancient Roads of Southeastern Lucania’, Papers of the British School at Rome 43 (1975): 113.
all the places mentioned lie within the borders of ancient Lucania; today, some are in Basilicata and others in Campania.
Sallust, Histories frg. 3.102.
Sallust, Histories frg. 3.99.
Sallust, Histories frg. 3.102.
Sallust, Histories frg. 3.103.
Plutarch, Crassus 9.7.
Appian, Civil Wars, 1.116.542.
Orosius, Histories 5.24.2.
Florus, Epitome 2.8.5.
by studying pollen and seeds, archaeologists can describe Metapontum’s agricultural history in unusual detail. See Joseph Coleman Carter, Discovering the Greek Countryside at Metaponto (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006), 242-3, 246-7.
Aldo Siciliano, ‘Herakleia, Acropoli - Tesoretti’, in Lucilla De Lachenal, Da Leukania a Lucania: la Lucania centro-orientale fra Pirro e i Giulio-Claudii: Venosa, Castello Pirro del Balzo 8 novembre 1992-31 marzo 1993 ([Rome]: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, 1993), 143.
Livy, History of Rome 29.6, cf. 28.12.
Appian, Civil Wars 1.117.547.
Caesar, Gallic War 1.40.5.
Augustine, City of God 4.5.
Florus, Epitome 2.8.1-2.
Plutarch, Crassus 9.8.
Plutarch, Crassus 9.8; Florus, Epitome 1.34.3, 2.8.1-2, 12.
e.g. ‘acie victi sunt’, ‘they were defeated in a formal battle’, Livy, Periochae 96.
Plutarch, Crassus 9.9. I assume that the ‘German force’ mentioned here is Crixus’s army; see M.G. Bertinelli Angeli, et al., Le Vite di Nicia e di Crasso (Verona, Fondazione Lorenzo Vallo: A. Mondadori, 1993), comm. ad loc.
Orousius, Histories 5.24.2.
Cicero, Verres 2.4.42.
Cicero, Brutus 242-3.
Ross H. Cowan, ‘The Clashing of Weapons and Silent Advances in Roman Battles’, Historia 56.1 (2007): 114-17.
Horace, cited without ref. by J. Peddie, The Roman War Machine (Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing, 1996), 23.
Orosius, Histories 5.24.4.
Appian, Civil Wars 1.117.543.
Plutarch, Crassus 9.9.
Plutarch, Crassus 9.9.
Appian, Civil Wars 1.116, 544.
Florus, Epitome 2.8.10.
Cicero, On the Reponse of Soothsayers 25.
Cicero, On the Reponse of Soothsayers 26.
Florus, Epitome 2.8.9; cf. Orosius, Histories 5.24.3.
Appian, Civil Wars 1.117.544.
Timothy M. Karcher, ‘The Victory Disease’, Military Review (July/August 2003), pp. 9-17; http://www.army. milprof_writing/volumes/volume 1/september_2003/9_03_5. html.
Florus, Epitome 2.8.11.
Orosius, Histories 5.24.5.
Appian, Civil Wars 1.117.545.
Eutropius 6.7.2.
90,000, Velleius Paterculus 2.30.6;
over 100,000, Orosius, Histories 19;
120,000, Appian, Civil Wars 1.117.545.
Sallust, Histories 3.106, as translated, with my emendations, by Patrick McGushin, Sallust, The Histories Translated with Introduction and Commentary, vol. II (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 39.
Appian, Civil Wars 1.117.547.
Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 6.24-6.
Aurelius Victor, On Illustrious Men 66.3.
Cicero, Letters to Atticus 2.1.8.
for photos and bibliography, see http://viamus. uni-goettingen.de/fr/mmdb/d/singleItemView?pos=0&Invent arnummer=A%201452.
Sallust, Histories frg. 4.21 with commentary ad loc.
Mao Tse-Tung, On Guerrilla Warfare, translated from the Chinese and with an introduction by Samuel B. Griffith II (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1961), 30.
Rome followed the lunar calendar until 46 BC, and it regularly fell out of synchronization with the solar calendar. ‘November’, therefore, is a rough estimate.
Plutarch, Crassus 10.1.
Appian, Civil Wars 1.118.549.
Plutarch, Crassus 10.3.
Plutarch, Crassus 10.4.
Appian, Civil Wars 1.118.551.
Xenophon, Anabasis 2.6.10.
Plutarch, Crassus 10.5-6.
Appian, Civil Wars 1.118.551.
Appian, Civil Wars 1.118.551.
Appian, Civil Wars 1.118.551.
Florus, Epitome 2.8.12.
according to Cicero (Verrines 6.97); Orosius (6.3) calls him Pyrganio.
Cicero, Verrines 6.2.5.
Cicero, Verrines 6.6.14.
Thomas Stangl, ed., Cicero Orationum Scholiastae (Vienna: Tempsky, [1912]), Scho. Cic. Gron. II 324.
Sallust, Histories frg. 4.32.
Plutarch, Crassus 10.7.
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