Frederick Kempe - Berlin 1961

Clay’s appointment: Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall , 115.

Kennedy had even rewritten: Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay: An American Life . New York: Henry Holt, 1990, 651–652.

Whatever his dilemmas: “Public Backs Kennedy Despite ‘Bad Breaks,’” Washington Post , 08/25/1961.

Unlike Kennedy, Clay spoke: RIAS, General Clay’s statement upon arrival in West Berlin, September 19, 1961: http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Media/VideoPopup/field/audio_video/id/40514/oldAction/Index/oldId/955454/oldModule/Start/page/0.

The Christian Democrats: Prittie, Konrad Adenauer , 288–291.

Clay’s limited job description: Smith, Lucius D. Clay , 654.

The State Department’s Martin Hillenbrand: Gelb, The Berlin Wall , 246.

Clay had launched: http://www.uniprotokolle.de/Lexikon/Berliner_Luftbrücke.html.

The East German newspaper: Washington Post , 09/18/1961; Taylor, The Berlin Wall: A World Divided , 263–265.

At age twenty-one: Interview with Albrecht Peter Roos, Berlin, October 13, 2008.

As a result of August 13: Honoré M. Catudal, Steinstücken: A Study in Cold War Politics. New York: Vantage Press, 1971, 15.

East German authorities threatened: New York Times , 09/22/1961; 09/23/1961; Washington Post , 09/22/1961; 09/23/1961; Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis , 139–135; Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall , 131.

Without divulging his plans: Catudal, Steinstücken , 15–16, 106.

General Clay spent: Smith, Defense of Berlin , 309–310; Interview with Vern Pike, Washington, D.C., November 17, 2008.

By coincidence, European Commander: Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis , 133–134.

A few days later, U.S. troops: Interview with Vern Pike, Washington, D.C., November 17, 2008.

They included the president’s brother: Frank Saunders, Torn Lace Curtain. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1982, 82–85.

Larry Newman: Hersh, Dark Side of Camelot , 226–230, 237–246.

Kennedy’s public approval ratings: JFKL, Elie Abel OH , March 18, 1970, 3–4; Detroit News , September 23, 1961.

On Sunday, Kennedy landed: Beschloss, The Crisis Years , 312–313; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times , 500–501.

Following Salinger’s instructions: Pierre Salinger, With Kennedy . Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966, 191–192.

Khrushchev had told Sulzberger: Department of State, Presidential Correspondence , Lot 77 D 163. Also printed in Cyrus L. Sulzberger, The Last of the Giants . New York: Macmillan, 1970, 801–802.

Taking a deep breath: Sulzberger, The Last of the Giants , 788–806; C. L. Sulzberger, “Khrushchev Says in Interview He Is Ready to Meet Kennedy,” New York Times , 09/08/1961.

Khrushchev also wanted to influence: Salinger, With Kennedy , 192; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War , 390, 397.

Kennedy called Salinger at 1:00 a.m.: Beschloss, Crisis Years , 314–315; Salinger. With Kennedy , 192–194.

Though Kennedy and Khrushchev had agreed: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War , 395.

Kennedy reviewed his UN speech: Christian Science Monitor , 09/26/1961.

The president had been agonizing: Smith, The Defense of Berlin , 314; New York Times , 09/26/1961, 09/29/1961; Christian Science Monitor , 10/09/1961; Washington Post , 10/11/1961.

Kennedy needed to retake: Ralph G. Martin, A Hero of Our Time: An Intimate Story of the Kennedy Years . New York: Macmillan, 1983, 661; Sidey, JFK , 245.

“A nuclear disaster”: “Text of Kennedy Speech to U.N. Assembly,” Wall Street Journal , 09/26/1961; “Kennedy Meets Presidential Test, Shows Nobility of Thought, Concilliatory Mood,” Washington Post , 09/26/1961. For text of speech: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/003POF03UnitedNations09251961.htm.

Perhaps most telling was East German: Smith, The Defense of Berlin , 314; Neues Deutschland , 09/26/1961.

West German editorialists: Bild-Zeitung , 09/26/1961.

West German Foreign Minister: Smith, The Defense of Berlin , 314.

Adenauer’s fears: AVP-RF, Memcon, Kuznetsov , Meeting with Kroll, 3-64-746, August 29, 1961; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War , 389.

In the Berliner Morgenpost: Berliner Morgenpost , 09/26/1961.

The New York Times columnist: Smith, The Defense of Berlin , 313.

So Marshal Konev dispatched: Smith, The Defense of Berlin , 315.

On September 27, General Clarke: Smith, The Defense of Berlin , 315.

Clay had ordered army: Raymond L. Garthoff, “Berlin 1961: The Record Corrected,”

Foreign Policy , no. 84 (Fall 1991), 142–156; Freedman, Kennedy’s Wars , 90; Donald P. Steury, “On the Front Lines of the Cold War: The Intelligence War in Berlin,” presented at “Berlin: The Intelligence War, 1945–1961.” Conference at the Teufelsberg and the Alliierten Museum, September 10–12, 1999; excerpts from conference speeches and panel discussions: Ambassador Raymond Garthoff on the tank confrontation of October 1961; retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/summer00/art01.html.

“In a certain sense”: FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. VI, Kennedy–Khrushchev Exchanges, Doc. 21, Letter from Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, Moscow, September 29, 1961; Department of State, Presidential Correspondence: Lot 77 D 163; also JFKL, NSF, Countries Series, USSR, Khrushchev Correspondence .

“Our confidence in”: Address by Roswell L. Gilpatric, Deputy Secretary of Defense, before the Business Council at the Homestead, Hot Springs, Virginia, October 21, 1961, 9:00 p.m. (EST), 10:00 p.m. (EDT): http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB56/BerlinC6.pdf; “Our Real Strength,” Time , 10/27/1961.

Carrying two folded newspapers: Salinger, With Kennedy , 198–199.

The man who: FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. VI, Kennedy–Khrushchev Exchanges , Doc. 21, Letter from Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, September 29, 1961.

Salinger was struck: Salinger, With Kennedy , 199.

Khrushchev also said he was willing: FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 137.

Apart from opening his new channel: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War , 396.

Khrushchev had also warned Ulbricht: SED Archives, IfGA, ZPA, J IV 2/202/130, Letter from Khrushchev to Ulbricht, January 28, 1961, in Harrison, “Ulbricht and the Concrete ‘Rose,’” CWIHP Working Paper No. 5, 131, Appendix J.

Adenauer’s concerns: FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 147, Memo from President Kennedy to Secretary of State Rusk, Berlin Negotiations, Washington, September 12, 1961.

One matter was certain: Quoted in James N. Giglio, The Presidency of John F. Kennedy . Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006, 2nd ed., 82; O’Brien, JFK , 552; Sidey, JFK , 218.