Frederick Kempe - Berlin 1961

After wiping the sweat: Archiv Deutschlandradio, Die Zeit im Funk , RIAS, Rede von Willy Brandt auf einer Protestkundgebung vor dem Rathaus Schöneberg, Ausschnitte (excerpt of Willy Brandt speech to protesters at Schöneberg/West Berlin city hall), August, 16, 1961: www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Media/VideoPopup/day/16/field/audio_video/id/15023/month/August/oldAction/Detail/oldModule/Chronical/year/1961.

He considered the letter from Mayor: FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 117, Telegram from the Mission at Berlin to the Department of State, Berlin, August 16, 1961, midnight.

“Trust?” Kennedy spat: Petschull, Die Mauer , 157; Wyden, Wall , 224; Jean Edward Smith, The Defense of Berlin , Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963, 283–284; Washington, D.C., Daily News , 08/17/1961; Washington, D.C., Evening Star , 08/18/1961.

The State Department: Washington, D.C., Daily News , 08/17/1961; Washington, D.C., Evening Star , 08/18/1961.

Brandt would later take credit: Petschull, Die Mauer , 159; Hermann Zolling and Uwe Bahnsen, Kalter Winter im August. Die Berlin-Krise 1961–1963. Ihre Hintergründe und Folgen. Oldenburg and Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling, 1967, 147.

Kennedy came to accept: FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 120, Letter from President Kennedy to Governing Mayor Brandt, Washington, August 18, 1961; JFKL, NSF, Germany, Berlin, Brandt Correspondence, Secret.

Brandt read Kennedy’s response: Willy Brandt, Erinnerungen. Frankfurt am Main: Propyläen, and Zurich: Ferenczy, 1989, 58, 63; Merseburger, Willy Brandt , 405.

“Why would Khrushchev put up”: O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy, “Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,” 303.

Kennedy had little sympathy: James Reston, “Hyannisport—A Cool Summer Visitor from Washington,” New York Times , 09/06/1961.

In the first days: JFKL, Dr. Wilhelm Grewe OH , November 2, 1966, Paris; Reston, “Hyannisport—A Cool Summer Visitor from Washington.”

Khrushchev also reflected later: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes , 170.

Khrushchev believed: Taubman, Khrushchev , 506; Sergei N. Khrushchev, Krizisy i Rakety , vol. 1, 132–135.

Khrushchev concluded beyond any doubt: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament , 502–505, 509.

More dramatic yet: “Russia Exhibits Atomic Infantry,” New York Times , 08/18/1961; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War , 385.

“Fucked again”: Wyden, Wall , 246; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days , 459; Beschloss, The Crisis Years , 291.

Bobby recalled what Chip: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times , 429–430, citing RFK Papers, RFK , dictated September 1, 1961.

It was not the first time Vice President: Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy . New York: HarperCollins, 1965, 594.

Johnson grew all the more: Dallek, An Unfinished Life , 427; Petschull, Die Mauer , 161–162; O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy, “Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,” 303.

During their overnight flight: Cate, The Ides of August , 405–407; JFKL, Lucius D. Clay OH ; Lucius D. Clay OH (Columbia Oral History Project).

Speaking to the West Berlin: Wyden, Wall , 229; “Text of VP Johnson’s Address in West Berlin,” Washington Post , 08/20/1961; New York Times , 08/22/1961.

“The city was like”: “300,000 Applaud,” New York Times , 08/20/1961.

For Kennedy, the troop: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days , 395; Sorensen, Kennedy , 594.

British Prime Minister : Macmillan, Pointing the Way, 1959–1961 , 393.

The operation’s commander: William D. Ellis and Thomas J. Cunningham, Clarke of St. Vith: The Sergeants’ General . Cleveland: Dillon/Liederbach, 1974, 260–261.

For all the details his superiors: Wyden, Wall , 230–232.

Colonel Johns had never seen: New York Times , 08/21/1961.

The Soviet response: “Berlin Is Called a G.I. ‘Mousetrap,’” New York Times , 08/26/1961.

“We took offense”: Interview with Vern Pike, Washington, D.C., November 17, 2008.

At 5:30 on Sunday: Interview with Lucian Heichler, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project, initial interview date February 2, 2000, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mfdip:@field(DOCID+mfdip2004hei01); interview with James. E. Hoofnagle, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project, initial interview date March 3, 1989, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mfdip:@field(DOCID+mfdip2004hoo01).

“I returned from Germany”: Report by Vice President Johnson, Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, Vice Presidential Security Files, VP Travel, Berlin, Secret. The vice president also reported on his trip to Kennedy on August 21. The memo for the record of this meeting is in JFKL, NSF, Germany, Berlin.

On August 22, Ulbricht: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War , 385, quoting MFA, Gromyko and Malinovsky to the Central Committee , July 7, 1962 (recounting 1961 events), 0742, 7/28/54, 10–13.

Swelling with confidence: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War , 385, citing Ulbricht letter to Khrushchev, October 31, 1961, AVP-RF.

Chancellor Adenauer finally surfaced: “Kanzler Besuch: Keen Willydrin,” Der Spiegel , 08/30/1961.

Many West Berliners: “Foes Taunt Adenauer in Berlin,” Washington Post , 08/23/1961; Die Zeit , 03/25/1961.

Adenauer visited the king: Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer. Vol. 2: The Statesman, 1952–1967 , 542; Cable, Adenauer an Springer, 16.08.1961; Adenauer, Teegespräche 1959–1961 , 546.

West Berlin police officer: Doris Liebermann, “‘Die Gewalt der anderen Seite hat mich sehr getroffen’: Gespräch mit Hans-Joachim Lazai,” in Deutschland Archiv No. 39/2006, 596–607; “Wall Victim” Ida Siekmann: http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Start/Detail/id/593816/page/1.

It was nearly eight: “Wall Victim” Bernd Lünser: http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Start/Detail/id/593816/page/5.

“Jörg Hildebrandt (Hg.), Regine Hildebrandt. Erinnern tut gut . Ein Familienalbum , Berlin 2008, S. 56.

Eberhard Bolle was so focused: Interview with Eberhard Bolle, Berlin, October 10, 2008.

“We have lost Czechoslovakia”: Teleconference, Clay and Department of the Army, April 10, 1948; communication recounted in Lucius D. Clay, Decision in Germany , reprint, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1970, 359–362 (361).

“Why would anyone write”: JFKL, Elie Abel OH , March 18, 1970, 3–4; Elie Abel, “Kennedy After 8 Months Is Tempered by Adversity,” Detroit News , September 23, 1961.

Berliners still spoke: Andrei Cherny, The Candy Bombers: The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and America’s Finest Hour . New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2008, 253.

Clay’s determination to keep: Teleconference, Clay and Department of the Army, April 10, 1948; communication recounted in Lucius D. Clay, Decision in Germany . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1970, 361.